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Vol. 60. Issue 11.
Pages 690-697 (November 2024)
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Vol. 60. Issue 11.
Pages 690-697 (November 2024)
Original Article
Incidence and Determinants of COVID-19 Among People Who Smoke (2018–2021): Findings From the ITC EUREST-PLUS Spain Surveys
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Dolors Carnicer-Ponta,b,c, Marcela Fua,b,c,d,
Corresponding author
mfu@iconcologia.net

Corresponding author.
, Yolanda Castellanoa,b,c, Olena Tigovaa,b,c,e, Pete Driezenf,g, Anne C.K. Quahf, Susan C. Kaaif,g, Joan B. Sorianoc,h, Constantine I. Vardavasi,j,k, Geoffrey T. Fongf,g,l, Esteve Fernándeza,b,c,e
a Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology – WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
b Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
c Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
d Department of Public Health, Mental Health, and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
e Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
f Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
g School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
h Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
i School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
j European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention, Brussels, Belgium
k Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
l Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Tables (2)
Table 1. Characteristics of Respondents in 2018 by Sex. ITC EUREST-PLUS Spain Surveys, 2018–2021.
Table 2. Cumulative Incidence and Relative Risk of COVID-19 and Related Factors. ITC EUREST-PLUS Spain Surveys, 2018–2021.
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Abstract
Objective

To estimate the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 and its determinants among a nationally representative sample of adults from Spain who smoke.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study that uses data from two waves (Wave 2 in 2018 and Wave 3 in 2021) of the ITC EUREST-PLUS Spain Survey. At baseline (Wave 1 in 2016), all respondents were adults (aged ≥18) who smoked. In total, 1008 respondents participated in Wave 2, and 570 out of 888 eligible participants were followed up in Wave 3 (64.2%). We estimated the cumulative incidence and the relative risk of COVID-19 (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) during follow-up using self-reported information on sociodemographic, smoking-related and health-related characteristics and identified associated factors using multivariable Poisson models with robust variance adjusted for the independent variables.

Results

The overall cumulative incidence of self-reported COVID-19 was 5.9% (95% CI: 3.9–8.0%), with no significant differences between males (6.3%; 95% CI: 3.6–9.0%) and females (5.6%; 95% CI: 3.2–8.0%). After adjusting for age, sex, and educational level, COVID-19 incidence was positively associated with moderate nicotine dependence (RR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.04–5.40) and negatively associated with having a partner who smoked (RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03–0.42), and having friends but not a partner who smoked (RR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.14–0.56).

Conclusion

The correlates of having had COVID-19 among people who smoke should be considered when tailoring information and targeted non-pharmacological preventive measures.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Incidence
Spain
Cohort
Tobacco
Smokers

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