Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue S4.
EPOC y comorbilidad: una visión global
Pages 24-30 (March 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 45. Issue S4.
EPOC y comorbilidad: una visión global
Pages 24-30 (March 2009)
Full text access
EPOC e hipertensión pulmonar
COPD and pulmonary hypertension
Visits
39314
María Asunción Nieto Barbero
Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Resumen

La hipertensión pulmonar (HP) es una complicación frecuente de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas y, en concreto, de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), si bien su prevalencia no se conoce con exactitud. La HP supone un impacto en la capacidad funcional y en la supervivencia de estos pacientes. Suele ser moderada o leve en intensidad y aparecer cuando la obstrucción al flujo aéreo es grave. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes presentan una HP “desproporcionada”, a pesar de tener una mínima afectación funcional y de seguir un tratamiento óptimo. Aunque clásicamente se ha considerado a la hipoxia alveolar como la causa principal, en los últimos años se han conocido otros mecanismos patogénicos, sobre todo los que producen un remodelado vascular, los cuales se revisan en este capítulo. Por último, se analiza el enfoque diagnóstico y el manejo terapéutico de la HP en los pacientes con una EPOC.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
Hipertensión pulmonar
Remodelado vascular
Oxigenoterapia continua domiciliaria
Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is a common complication in chronic respiratory diseases and specifically in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although its prevalence has not been well determined. PHT affects functional capacity and survival in these patients. This complication is usually moderate or mild and develops when airflow obstruction is severe. However, some patients have “disproportionate” PHT, despite minimal functional involvement and optimal treatment. Although alveolar hypoxia has classically been considered to be the main cause, in the last few years other pathogenic mechanisms have been identified, especially those producing vascular remodelling, which are reviewed in the present article. Lastly, the diagnostic approach and therapeutic management of PHT in patients with COPD are analyzed.

Key words:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pulmonary hypertension
Vascular remodeling
Chronic home oxygen therapy
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
G. Simonneau, N. Galie, L.J. Rubin, D. Langleben, W. Seeger, G. Domenighetti, et al.
Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 43 (2004), pp. 5S-12S
[2.]
G. Thabut, G. Dauriat, J.B. Stern, D. Logear, A. Levy, R. Marrash-Chahla, et al.
Pulmonary hemodynamics in advanced COPD candidates for lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation.
Chest, 127 (2005), pp. 1531-1536
[3.]
M.R. Fisher, G.J. Criner, A.P. Fishman, P.M. Hassoun, O.A. Minai, S.M. Scharf, et al.
Estimating pulmonary artery pressures by echocardiography in patients with emphysema.
Eur Respir J, 30 (2007), pp. 914-921
[4.]
S.M. Arcasoy, J.D. Christie, V.A. Ferrari, M.J. Sutton, D.A. Zisman, P. Nancy, et al.
Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167 (2003), pp. 735-740
[5.]
E. Weitzenblum, C. Hirth, A. Ducolone, R. Mirhom, J. Rasaholinjanahary, M. Ehrhart.
Prognostic value of pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax, 36 (1981), pp. 752-758
[6.]
S.M. Scharf, M. Iqbal, C. Keller, G. Criner, S. Lee, H.E. Fessler.
Hemodynamic characterization of patients with severe emphysema.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 314-322
[7.]
C.D. Vizza, J.P. Lynch, L.L. Ochoa, G. Richardson, E.P. Trulock.
Right and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with severe pulmonary disease.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 576-583
[8.]
A. Chaouat, A.S. Bugnet, N. Kadaoui, R. Schott, I. Enache, A. Ducoloné, et al.
Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172 (2005), pp. 189-194
[9.]
M. Oswald-Mammosser, E. Weitzenblum, E. Quoix, G. Moser, A. Chaouat, C. Charpen tier, et al.
Prognostic factors in COPD patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Importance of pulmonary artery pressure.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 1193-1198
[10.]
J. Bignon, F. Khoury, P. Even, J. Andre, G. Brouet.
Morphometric study in chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Pathologic, clinical, and physiologic correlations.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 99 (1969), pp. 669-695
[11.]
C.A. Wagenvoort, P.G. Mulder.
Thrombotic lesions in primary plexogenic arteriopathy. Similar pathogenesis or complication?.
Chest, 103 (1993), pp. 844-849
[12.]
M. Wilkinson, C.A. Langhorne, D. Heath, G.R. Barer, P. Howard.
A pathophysiological study of 10 cases of hypoxic cor pulmonale.
Q J Med, 66 (1988), pp. 65-85
[13.]
F. Magee, J.L. Wright, B.R. Wiggs, P.D. Pare, J.C. Hogg.
Pulmonary vascular structure and function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax, 43 (1988), pp. 183-189
[14.]
M.S. Dunnill.
Fibrinoid necrosis in the branches of the pulmonary artery in chronic non-specific lung disease.
Br J Dis Chest, 54 (1960), pp. 355-358
[15.]
P. Smith, B. Rodgers, D. Heath, M. Yacoub.
The ultrastructure of pulmonary arteries and arterioles in emphysema.
J Pathol, 167 (1992), pp. 69-75
[16.]
S. Santos, V.I. Peinado, J. Ramirez, T. Melgosa, J. Roca, R. Rodriguez-Roisin, et al.
Characterization of pulmonary vascular remodeling in smokers and patients with mild COPD.
Eur Respir J, 19 (2002), pp. 632-638
[17.]
W. MacNee.
Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150 (1994), pp. 833-852
[18.]
G.G. Pietra, F. Capron, S. Stewart, O. Leone, M. Humbert, I.M. Robbins, et al.
Pathologic assessment of vasculopathies in pulmonary hypertension.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 43 (2004), pp. 25S-32S
[19.]
A.T. Dinh-Xuan, T.W. Higenbottam, C.A. Clelland, J. Pepke-Zaba, G. Cremona, A.Y. Butt, et al.
Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary-artery relaxation in chronic obstructive lung disease.
N Engl J Med, 324 (1991), pp. 1539-1547
[20.]
V.I. Peinado, S. Pizarro, J.A. Barberà.
Pulmonary vascular involvement in COPD.
Chest, 134 (2008), pp. 808-814
[21.]
J.A. Barbera, V.I. Peinado, S. Santos, J. Ramirez, J. Roca, R. Rodriguez Roisin.
Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary arteries of smokers.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 709-713
[22.]
E. Clini, G. Cremona, M. Campana, C. Scotti, M. Pagani, L. Bianchi, et al.
Production of endogenous nitric oxide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patients with cor pulmonale. Correlates with echo-Doppler assessment.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 446-450
[23.]
P. Yildiz, H. Oflaz, N. Cine, N. Erginel-Ünaltuna, F. Erzengin, V. Yilmaz, et al.
Gene polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme associated with pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPD.
Respir Med, 97 (2003), pp. 1282-1288
[24.]
B.W. Christman, C.D. McPherson, J.H. Newman, G.A. King, G.R. Bernard, B.M. Groves, et al.
An imbalance between the excretion of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension.
N Engl J Med, 327 (1992), pp. 70-75
[25.]
S.P. Nana-Sinkam, J.D. Lee, S. Sotto-Santiago, R.S. Stearman, R.L. Keith, Q. Choudhury, et al.
Prostacyclin prevents pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175 (2007), pp. 676-685
[26.]
A. Giaid, M. Yanagisawa, D. Langleben, R.P. Michel, R. Levy, H. Shennib, et al.
Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1732-1739
[27.]
S. Santos, V.I. Peinado, J. Ramirez, J. Morales-Blanhir, R. Bastos, J. Roca, et al.
Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary arteries of smokers and patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167 (2003), pp. 1250-1256
[28.]
S. Eddahibi, A. Chaouat, N. Morrell, E. Fadel, C. Fuhrman, A.S. Bugnet, et al.
Polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Circulation, 108 (2003), pp. 1839-1844
[29.]
J.A. Barbera, V.I. Peinado, S. Santos.
Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Eur Respir J, 21 (2003), pp. 892-905
[30.]
J.A. Barberà, A. Riverola, J. Roca, J. Ramirez, P.D. Wagner, D. Ros, et al.
Pulmonary vascular abnormalities and ventilation-perfusion relationships in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1994), pp. 423-429
[31.]
V.I. Peinado, J.A. Barberà, P. Abate, J. Ramírez, J. Roca, S. Santos, et al.
Inflammatory reaction in pulmonary muscular arteries of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1605-1611
[32.]
P. Joppa, D. Petrasova, B. Stancak, R. Tkacova.
Systemic inflammation in patients with COPD and pulmonary hypertension.
Chest, 130 (2006), pp. 326-333
[33.]
W. MacNee.
Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150 (1994), pp. 833-852
[34.]
S.M. Scharf, M. Iqbal, C. Keller, G. Criner, S. Lee, H.E. Fessler.
Hemodynamic characterization of patients with severe emphysema.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 314-322
[35.]
F. Chabot, F. Schrijen, F. Poincelot, J.M. Polu.
Interpretation of high wedge pressure on exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Cardiology, 95 (2001), pp. 139-145
[36.]
J. Butler, F. Schrijen, A. Henriquez, J.M. Polu, R.K. Albert.
Cause of the raised wedge pressure on exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 138 (1988), pp. 350-354
[37.]
P. Harris, N. Segel, I. Green, E. Housley.
The influence of the airways resistance and alveolar pressure on the pulmonary vascular resistance in chronic bronhcitis.
Cardiovasc Res, 2 (1968), pp. 84-92
[38.]
M. McGregor, A. Sniderman.
On pulmonary vascular resistance: the need for more precise definition.
Am J Cardiol, 55 (1985), pp. 217-221
[39.]
R. Naeije, J.A. Barbera.
Pulmonary hypertension associated with COPD.
Crit Care, 5 (2001), pp. 286-289
[40.]
A.P. Fishman.
Hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation. How and where it acts.
Circ Res, 38 (1976), pp. 221-231
[41.]
A.P. Fishman, C.J. Mc, A. Himmelstein, A. Cournand.
Effects of acute anoxia on the circulation and respiration in patients with chronic pulmonary disease studied during the steady state.
J Clin Invest, 31 (1952), pp. 770-781
[42.]
R.F. Grover.
Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
The pulmonary circulation: normal and abnormal, pp. 283-299
[43.]
E. Weitzenblum, F. Schrijen, T. Mohan-Kumar, V. Colas des Francs, A. Lockhart.
Variability of the pulmonary vascular response to acute hypoxia in chronic bronchitis.
Chest, 94 (1988), pp. 772-778
[44.]
K.R. Stenmark, K.A. Fagan, M.G. Frid.
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling: cellular and molecular mechanisms.
[45.]
I.S. Anand, Y. Chandrashekhar, R. Ferrari, R. Sarma, R. Guleria, S.K. Jindal, et al.
Pathogenesis of congestive state in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies of body water and sodium, renal function, hemodynamics, and plasma hormones during edema and after recovery.
Circulation, 86 (1992), pp. 12-21
[46.]
M. Oswald-Mammosser, T. Oswald, E. Nyankiye, M.C. Dickele, D. Grange, E. Weitzenblum.
Non-invasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparison of ECG, radiological measurements, echocardiography and myocardial scintigraphy.
Eur J Respir Dis, 71 (1987), pp. 419-429
[47.]
J.M. Bishop, K.W. Cross.
Use of other physiological variables to predict pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Multicentre study.
Eur Heart J, 2 (1981), pp. 509-517
[48.]
A. Torbicki, K. Skwarski, I. Hawrylkiewicz, T. Pasierski, Z. Miskiewicz, J. Zielinski.
Attempts at measuring pulmonary arterial pressure by means of Doppler echocardiography in patients with chronic lung disease.
Eur Respir J, 2 (1989), pp. 856-860
[49.]
M.J. Boyd, I.P. Williams, C.W. Turton, N. Brooks, G. Leech, F.J. Millard.
Echocardiographic method for the estimation of pulmonary artery pressure in chronic lung disease.
Thorax, 35 (1980), pp. 914-919
[50.]
R. Naeije, A. Torbicki.
More on the noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension: Doppler echocardiography revisited.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 1445-1449
[51.]
A. Von-Noordegraaf, J.T. Marcus, S. Holverda, B. Roseboom, P.E. Postmus.
Early changes of cardiac structure and function in COPD patients with mild hypoxemia.
Chest, 127 (2005), pp. 1898-1903
[52.]
M.R. Wilkins, G.A. Paul, J.W. Strange, N. Tunariu, W. Gin-Sing, W.A. Banya, et al.
Sildenafil versus endothelin receptor antagonist for pulmonary hypertension (SERAPH) study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171 (2005), pp. 1292-1297
[53.]
E. Weitzenblum.
Chronic cor pulmonale.
Heart, 89 (2003), pp. 225-230
[54.]
R.E. Girgis, C. Stephen, S.C. Mathai.
Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic respiratory disease.
Clin Chest Med, 28 (2007), pp. 212-232
[55.]
K.R. Flaherty, A.C. Andrei, S. Murray, C. Fraley, T.V. Colby, W.D. Travis.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six minute hallwalk.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 174 (2006), pp. 803-809
[56.]
A. Chaouat, E. Naeije, E. Weitzenblum.
Pulmonary hypertension in COPD.
Eur Respir J, 32 (2008), pp. 1371-1385
[57.]
Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group.
Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial.
Ann Intern Med, 93 (1980), pp. 391-398
[58.]
Medical Research Council Working Party.
Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Lancet, 1 (1981), pp. 681-686
[59.]
R.M. Timms, F.U. Khaja, G.W. Williams.
Hemodynamic response to oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ann Intern Med, 102 (1985), pp. 29-36
[60.]
E. Weitzenblum, A. Sautegeau, M. Ehrhart, M. Mammosser, A. Pelletier.
Long-term oxygen therapy can reverse the progression of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 131 (1985), pp. 493-498
[61.]
J. Zielinski, M. Tobiasz, I. Hawrylkiewicz, P. Sliwinski, G. Palasiewicz.
Effects of longterm oxygen therapy on pulmonary hemodynamics in COPD patients: a 6-year prospective study.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 65-70
[62.]
A. Chaouat, E. Weitzenblum, R. Kessler, C. Charpentier, M. Enrhart, R. Schott.
A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 1002-1008
[63.]
S.L. Archer, D. Mike, J. Crow, W. Long, E.K. Weir.
A placebo-controlled trial of prostacyclin in acute respiratory failure in COPD.
Chest, 109 (1996), pp. 750-755
[64.]
S. Adnot, C. Kouyoumdjian, C. Defouilloy, P. Andrivet, S. Sediame, R. Herigault, et al.
Hemodynamic and gas exchange responses to infusion of acetylcholine and inhalation of nitric oxide in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and pulmonary hypertension.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 148 (1993), pp. 310-316
[65.]
K. Vonbank, R. Ziesche, T.W. Higenbottam, L. Stiebellehner, V. Petkov, P. Schenk, et al.
Controlled prospective randomised trial on the effects on pulmonary haemodynamics of the ambulatory long term use of nitric oxide and oxygen in patients with severe COPD.
Thorax, 58 (2003), pp. 289-293
[66.]
J.A. Barberà, P. Escribano, P. Morales, M.A. Gómez, M. Oribe, A. Martínez, et al.
Estándares asistenciales en hipertensión pulmonar.
Arch Bronconeumol, 44 (2008), pp. 87-99
[67.]
D. Stolz, H. Rasch, A. Linka, M. Valentino, A. Meyer, M. Brutsche, et al.
A randomised, controlled trial of bosentan in severe COPD.
Eur Respir J, 32 (2008), pp. 619-628
[68.]
M. Oswald-Mammosser, R. Kessler, G. Massard, J.M. Wihlm, E. Weitzenblum, J. Lonsdorfer.
Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on gas exchange and pulmonary hemodynamics at rest and during exercise.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1020-1025
[69.]
K. Kubo, T. Koizumi, K. Fujimoto, Y. Matsuzawa, T. Yamanda, M. Haniuda, et al.
Effects of lung volume reduction surgery on exercise pulmonary hemodynamics in severe emphysema.
Chest, 114 (1998), pp. 1575-1582
[70.]
G.J. Criner, S.M. Scharf, J.A. Falk, J.P. Gaughan, A.L. Sternberg, N.B. Patel, et al.
Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on resting pulmonary hemodynamics in severe emphysema.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176 (2007), pp. 253-260
[71.]
I.L. Weg, L. Rossoff, K. McKeon, L. Michael Graver, S.M. Scharf.
Development of pulmonary hypertension after lung volume reduction surgery.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 552-556
[72.]
O. Bjortuft, S. Simonsen, O.R. Geiran, J.G. Fjeld, E. Skovlund, J. Boe.
Pulmonary haemodynamics after single-lung transplantation for end-stage pulmonary parenchymal disease.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 2007-2011
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?