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Vol. 47. Issue S6.
Antibioterapia inhalada
Pages 8-13 (June 2011)
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Vol. 47. Issue S6.
Antibioterapia inhalada
Pages 8-13 (June 2011)
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Infección bronquial crónica: el problema de Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Chronic bronchial infection: the problem of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Rafael Cantón
Corresponding author
rcanton.hrc@salud.madrid.org

Autor para correspondencia.
, Ana Fernández Olmos, Elia Gómez G. de la Pedrosa, Rosa Del Campo, María Antonia Meseguer
Servicio de Microbiología y CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
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La colonización patogénica broncopulmonar y las exacerbaciones que se derivan de ella constituyen las causas más importantes del deterioro de la función pulmonar en los pacientes con bronquiectasias. Haemophilus influezae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa son los patógenos más frecuentes en estos pacientes. El efecto lesivo se produce por el proceso de inflamación local y el círculo vicioso que se desarrolla por el estímulo antigénico, la liberación de mediadores de la inflamación, la presencia de neutrófilos, el aumento del inóculo bacteriano y la liberación de exoproductos bacterianos. Se ha demostrado que P. aeruginosa afecta a los pacientes con bronquiectasias con peor calidad de vida, coloniza a los que tienen peor funcionalidad pulmonar y mayor número de tratamientos antimicrobianos. En las bronquiectasias, al igual que en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) o fibrosis quística, P. aeruginosa es capaz de colonizar crónicamente la mucosa respiratoria. Debido al nicho ecológico donde se sitúa P. aeruginosa y a la multitud de ciclos con antimicrobianos a los que son sometidos estos pacientes es fácil que se desarrollen resistencias a los antimicrobianos, favorecidas por la elevada proporción de variantes hipermutadoras que existen. Asimismo, hay que resaltar la forma natural de crecimiento en biopelículas de P. aeruginosa en la superficie mucosa y la contribución que ejerce para su persistencia. El tratamiento antimicrobiano en los pacientes con bronquiectasas con colonización por P. aeruginosa ha de basarse en antimicrobianos o asociaciones de éstos que no pierdan actividad al actuar sobre las biopelículas.

Palabras clave:
Bronquiectasias
Pseduomonas aeruginosa
Biopelículas
Persistencia
Hipermutación
Abstract

Pathogenic bronchopulmonary colonizations and the exacerbations produced are among the most important causes of reduced pulmonary function in patients with bronchiectasis. The most frequent pathogens in these patients are Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lesions are produced by the local inflammatory process and the vicious circle developed by antigen stimulation, the release of inflammatory mediators, the presence of neutrophils, the increase of bacterial inoculum and the release of bacterial exoproducts. P. aeruginosa has been demonstrated to affect the patients with bronchiectasis and poorest quality of life and to colonize those with the poorest pulmonary function and the highest number of antimicrobial treatments. In bronchiectasis, as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis, P. aeruginosa is able to colonize the respiratory mucosa chronically. Due to the ecological niche occupied by P. aeruginosa and the multitude of cycles with antimicrobial agents to which these patients are subjected, the development of antimicrobial resistance is highly likely, encouraged by the high proportion of hypermutation variants in existence. Likewise, P. aeruginosa naturally grows in the form of biofilms on the mucosal surface, greatly contributing to its persistence. Antimicrobial treatment in patients with bronchiectasis and P. aeruginosa colonization should be based on antimicrobial agents, alone or in combination, that do not lose activity when acting on biofilms.

Keywords:
Bronchiectasis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Biofilms
Persistence
Hypermutation
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Copyright © 2011. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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