Original Articles
Markers of Airway Remodeling in Induced Sputum From Healthy Smokers
B. Avilésa, J. Beldaa,
, G. Margarita, J. Bellido-Casadoa, C. Martínez-Brúb, P. Casana
Corresponding author
jbelda@santpau.es
Correspondence: Dr. J. Belda. Clínica d'Asma i Allergia. Departament de Pneumologia. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. St. Antoni M. Claret, 167. 08025 Barcelona. España
Correspondence: Dr. J. Belda. Clínica d'Asma i Allergia. Departament de Pneumologia. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. St. Antoni M. Claret, 167. 08025 Barcelona. España
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"apellidos" => "Belda" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jbelda@santpau.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Margarit" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Bellido-Casado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Martínez-Brú" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Casan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Correspondence: Dr. J. Belda. Clínica d'Asma i Allergia. Departament de Pneumologia. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. St. Antoni M. Claret, 167. 08025 Barcelona. España" ] ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2005-05-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2005-11-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154346" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Matrix metalloproteinase 9" 1 => "Airway remodeling" 2 => "Healthy smokers" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec154345" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Metaloproteinasa 9 (MMP-9)" 1 => "Remodelado bronquial" 2 => "Fumadores sanos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been linked to the equilibrium between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1. However, that equilibrium has not been analyzed in healthy smokers. The aim of this study was to assess the equilibrium between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in induced sputum from healthy smokers, healthy nonsmokers (controls), and patients with COPD.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Samples of induced sputum were obtained from 35 individuals: 12 healthy smokers, 12 controls, and 11 patients with COPD. In each sample, a differential cell count was performed and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to analyze the concentrations of MMP-9 (total and active fraction) and TIMP-1.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compared with controls, healthy smokers were found to have a higher mean (SD) concentration of total MMP-9 (273 [277] ng/mL vs 128 [146] ng/mL) and a higher ratio of total MMP-9 to TIMP-1 (0.16 [0.14] vs 0.08 [0.06]). However, the ratio of active MMP-9 to TIMP-1 was similar in the 2 groups. Samples from patients with COPD had the highest concentrations of total MMP-9 (477 [262] ng/mL) and active MMP-9 (178 [126] ng/mL) and the lowest concentrations of TIMP-1 (1.044 [1.036] ug/mL). When all groups were considered together, there was an inverse relationship between the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>). The relationship between the active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and FEV1 was even stronger, and the relation of both ratios with FEV1 became stronger still when smoking was considered.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Healthy smokers had a higher concentration of total MMP-9 and that concentration was correlated with their exposure to tobacco smoke. Maintenance of the active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in healthy smokers may explain the absence of progressive airway obstruction. Measurement of active MMP-9 concentration could be useful for assessment of airway remodeling.</p>" ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El remodelado bronquial en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) se ha relacionado con el equilibrio entre la metaloproitenasa (MMP) 9 y su inhibidor, el inhibidor tisular de MMP tipo 1 (TIMP-1). Dicho equilibrio no se ha analizado en fumadores sanos. Nuestro objetivo ha sido estudiar dicho equilibrio en el esputo inducido de fumadores sanos respecto a sanos no fumadores (controles) y pacientes con EPOC.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvieron 35 muestras de esputo inducido, de las que 12 provenían de fumadores sanos, otras 12 de controles y 11 de pacientes con EPOC. Se estudiaron la celularidad de las muestras y la concentración de MMP-9 (total y fracción activa) y TIMP-1 mediante enzimoinmunoanálisis.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los fumadores sanos mostraron mayor concentración media (± desviación estándar) de MMP-9 total (273 ± 277 ng/ml) y una ratio mayor (0,16 ± 0,14) que los controles (128 ± 146 ng/ml y 0,08 ± 0,06, respectivamente). Sin embargo, la ratio MMP-9 activa/TIMP-1 fue equiparable en ambos grupos. Los pacientes con EPOC mostraron los valores más altos de MMP-9 total (477 ± 262 ng/ml) y activa (178 ± 126 ng/ml) y los más bajos de TIMP-1 (1.044 ± 1.036 ng/ml). Globalmente, la ratio mostró una relación inversa con el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo. Dicha relación fue aún superior con la MMP-9 activa y con el grado de tabaquismo.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los fumadores sanos presentaron una mayor concentración de MMP-9 total en relación con el grado de exposición tabáquica. Una ratio MMP-9 activa/TIMP-1 conservada en fumadores sanos podría explicar la ausencia de obstrucción progresiva de la vía aérea. La medida de la MMP-9 activa puede ser útil en la determinación del remodelado bronquial.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">This study was partly funded by Red Respira (RTIC 03/11).</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2024 October | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2024 September | 24 | 16 | 40 |
| 2024 August | 40 | 27 | 67 |
| 2024 July | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2024 June | 26 | 17 | 43 |
| 2024 May | 32 | 28 | 60 |
| 2024 April | 20 | 18 | 38 |
| 2024 March | 16 | 17 | 33 |
| 2024 February | 27 | 16 | 43 |
| 2023 March | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 2023 February | 17 | 13 | 30 |
| 2023 January | 17 | 22 | 39 |
| 2022 December | 17 | 31 | 48 |
| 2022 November | 22 | 26 | 48 |
| 2022 October | 17 | 23 | 40 |
| 2022 September | 14 | 20 | 34 |
| 2022 August | 22 | 29 | 51 |
| 2022 July | 19 | 38 | 57 |
| 2022 June | 14 | 33 | 47 |
| 2022 May | 17 | 26 | 43 |
| 2022 April | 14 | 23 | 37 |
| 2022 March | 21 | 29 | 50 |
| 2022 February | 21 | 23 | 44 |
| 2022 January | 15 | 30 | 45 |
| 2021 December | 17 | 47 | 64 |
| 2021 November | 15 | 47 | 62 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 46 | 77 |
| 2021 September | 22 | 52 | 74 |
| 2021 August | 10 | 27 | 37 |
| 2021 July | 21 | 28 | 49 |
| 2021 June | 18 | 27 | 45 |
| 2021 May | 19 | 25 | 44 |
| 2021 April | 53 | 61 | 114 |
| 2021 March | 16 | 22 | 38 |
| 2021 February | 17 | 20 | 37 |
| 2021 January | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2020 December | 12 | 25 | 37 |
| 2020 November | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2020 October | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2020 September | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2020 August | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2020 July | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| 2020 June | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2020 May | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| 2020 April | 17 | 24 | 41 |
| 2020 March | 12 | 14 | 26 |
| 2020 February | 13 | 16 | 29 |
| 2020 January | 16 | 18 | 34 |
| 2019 December | 9 | 12 | 21 |
| 2019 November | 12 | 20 | 32 |
| 2019 October | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2019 September | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 2019 August | 26 | 9 | 35 |
| 2019 July | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2019 June | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2019 May | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2019 April | 15 | 17 | 32 |
| 2019 March | 14 | 16 | 30 |
| 2019 February | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| 2019 January | 5 | 14 | 19 |
| 2018 December | 7 | 9 | 16 |
| 2018 November | 6 | 18 | 24 |
| 2018 October | 19 | 13 | 32 |
| 2018 September | 8 | 10 | 18 |
| 2018 May | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2018 April | 4 | 8 | 12 |
| 2018 March | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2018 February | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2018 January | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017 December | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| 2017 November | 3 | 6 | 9 |
| 2017 October | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| 2017 September | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2017 August | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2017 July | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017 June | 5 | 23 | 28 |
| 2017 May | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2017 April | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| 2017 March | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2017 February | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2017 January | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2016 December | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| 2016 November | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2016 October | 26 | 23 | 49 |
| 2016 September | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2016 August | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2016 July | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2016 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2015 September | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2015 August | 25 | 12 | 37 |
| 2015 July | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2015 June | 24 | 5 | 29 |
| 2015 May | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2015 April | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2015 March | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2015 February | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2015 January | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2014 December | 20 | 4 | 24 |
| 2014 November | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2014 October | 44 | 14 | 58 |
| 2014 September | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2014 August | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2014 July | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2014 June | 40 | 11 | 51 |
| 2014 May | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2014 April | 50 | 9 | 59 |
| 2014 March | 63 | 10 | 73 |
| 2014 February | 38 | 10 | 48 |
| 2014 January | 39 | 5 | 44 |
| 2013 December | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2013 November | 42 | 11 | 53 |
| 2013 October | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2013 September | 44 | 9 | 53 |
| 2013 August | 56 | 12 | 68 |
| 2013 July | 51 | 20 | 71 |
| 2013 June | 37 | 9 | 46 |
| 2013 May | 32 | 3 | 35 |
| 2013 April | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2013 March | 8 | 2 | 10 |
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