Letter to the Editor
Caution is Advised on the Use of Quality Grading in Spirometry
Precaución a la hora de aplicar los grados de calidad en la espirometría
Santiago C. Arce
Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Arce" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Santiago C." "apellidos" => "Arce" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "arcesantiago@fibertel.com.ar" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Precaución a la hora de aplicar los grados de calidad en la espirometría" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2438 "Ancho" => 2477 "Tamanyo" => 185193 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Several examples of efforts deemed as acceptable by spirometer softwares.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statements on pulmonary function reporting stress the need to have a system to evaluate the quality of spirometries (A through F), both in the individual acceptability of each maneuver and in their repeatability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This scores, based on the ones already included in many commercial spirometry softwares and used in several studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> are eminently numerical, and base score assignment according to certain numerical criteria, easily calculable for any computer, such as forced expiratory time >6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, back extrapolation volume <150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL or 5% of FVC or repeatability of two best efforts within 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However a quick review of the spirometric acceptability criteria allows observing that acceptability depends to a large extent on morphological criteria (“peak expiratory flow should be achieved with a sharp rise and occur close to the point of maximal inflation”) and even subjective to the operator (“If the subject cannot or should not continue to exhale”).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Among the errors frequently accepted by algorithms, it is common to find “A” rated studies with maneuvers with negative effort dependence, glottis closure, cowboy hat-shaped maneuvers and re-inhalation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is in these where there are notable discrepancies between the evaluation of spirometric quality made by an experienced reviewer and that made by computer algorithms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> That is to say, if we trust only in the software, the risk of accepting as valid unacceptable results is high.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Use of automatic quality control has been widespread attempted in primary care with disappointing results,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> which led many investigators to study the feasibility of remote monitoring of spirometric quality control by experienced reviewers. In a recent editorial, Marina et al. review the importance of continuous training as a basis for achieving acceptable tests, in addition to remote monitoring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Correctly, the statements recommend that the acceptability assigned by the software should be reviewed by an experienced reviewer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However, in centers with a high work flow, operational simplification can lead to the avoidance of this aspect. Additionally, the increasingly frequent profusion of works with a high number of subjects,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> leads to choose computer driven quality scores, something practical in all given the number of subjects recruited, which are counted by thousands. However, the high discrepancy in the evaluation of quality casts doubt on the validity of their final data and their conclusions. Many of these works have a purely epidemiological cut and as such, support sanitary policies, implemented at the expense of taxpayers.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spirometries where every acceptability criteria are not met is a frequent finding in daily workflow. Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>) could be valid as a datum in the absence of end-of-test criteria, where forced vital capacity (FVC) is not trustworthy. In patients with unacceptable back extrapolation volume, where FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> is spurious, FVC could still be useful as an isolated number. Nevertheless, at the time of reporting, software does not allow to overturn any of this figures (or even that of dependent FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>/FVC). This could lead to an incorrect use in clinical decision making, even having noted the caveats in the interpretation.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly, in patients with severe airway obstruction, where expiratory times can exceed the recommended 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s without achieving plateau, or in patients with poor effort tolerance, FVC could be considered as a minimum value. And this is neither reflected nowhere else, with the exception of the written report at the end of the study.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In that context, software could incorporate an option to annull isolated data based on revisor's judgment, or point-out that a figure is “at least as low as” or “at least as high as”. This modifications should be automatically transferred to FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>/FVC and other derived quotients, dependent on any of them.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, spirometry software developers should add new capabilities based in intelligent detection of artifacts, cancelation of invalid data, such as FVC or FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>, or setting them as maximum or minimum depending on specific maneuver defects. Meanwhile, spirometric maneuvers and results should be systematically reviewed by an experienced reviewer.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2438 "Ancho" => 2477 "Tamanyo" => 185193 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Several examples of efforts deemed as acceptable by spirometer softwares.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "ATS committee on proficiency standards for pulmonary function laboratories recommendations for a standardized pulmonary function report. 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Teruel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60541-7" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "326" "paginaFinal" => "331" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945262" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S1473309915000742" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "14733099" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Telemedicine, an opportunity for spirometry" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N. Marina" 1 => "E. López de Santa María" 2 => "J.B. Gáldiz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.arbres.2017.12.016" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "306" "paginaFinal" => "307" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29428680" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Grupo de estudio EPOC.AR prevalence of COPD in 6 urban clusters in Argentina: The EPOC.AR study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.L. Echazarreta" 1 => "S.J. Arias" 2 => "R. Del Olmo" 3 => "E.R. Giugno" 4 => "F.D. Colodenco" 5 => "S.C. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 39 | 25 | 64 |
| 2024 September | 52 | 16 | 68 |
| 2024 August | 70 | 44 | 114 |
| 2024 July | 48 | 21 | 69 |
| 2024 June | 43 | 22 | 65 |
| 2024 May | 63 | 27 | 90 |
| 2024 April | 49 | 23 | 72 |
| 2024 March | 38 | 18 | 56 |
| 2024 February | 43 | 25 | 68 |
| 2023 March | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2023 February | 62 | 16 | 78 |
| 2023 January | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2022 December | 49 | 31 | 80 |
| 2022 November | 66 | 33 | 99 |
| 2022 October | 65 | 34 | 99 |
| 2022 September | 36 | 25 | 61 |
| 2022 August | 41 | 41 | 82 |
| 2022 July | 27 | 39 | 66 |
| 2022 June | 43 | 36 | 79 |
| 2022 May | 41 | 23 | 64 |
| 2022 April | 38 | 30 | 68 |
| 2022 March | 47 | 53 | 100 |
| 2022 February | 42 | 38 | 80 |
| 2021 May | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2020 July | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2020 May | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2020 March | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2020 February | 28 | 18 | 46 |
| 2020 January | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2019 December | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2019 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Show all
