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Vol. 47. Issue S2.
Importancia de la vía aérea distal (vía aérea pequeña) en el asma y en la EPOC
Pages 20-26 (April 2011)
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Vol. 47. Issue S2.
Importancia de la vía aérea distal (vía aérea pequeña) en el asma y en la EPOC
Pages 20-26 (April 2011)
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Técnicas de imagen en la exploración de la vía aérea pequeña: asma y EPOC
Imaging techniques in the examination of the distal airways: asthma and COPD
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33182
Tomás Franquet
Jefe de la Sección de Radiología Torácica, Hospital de San Pablo, Profesor asociado de Radiología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Las técnicas de imagen son herramientas diagnósticas muy útiles en el estudio de las enfermedades de la vía aérea pequeña. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser diferentes, desde un punto de vista clínico-patológico, las enfermedades de la vía aérea pequeña presentan manifestaciones radiológicas similares.

La tomografía computarizada de alta resolución (TCAR) es la técnica de elección para estudiar las enfermedades difusas y las de la vía aérea pequeña; los cortes complementarios en espiración deben formar parte del protocolo de estudio de la patología de la vía aérea pequeña.

Sobre la base de los hallazgos de la TCAR, las enfermedades de la vía aérea pequeña se dividen en dos grandes grupos: a) las que presentan signos morfológicos directos de afectación bronquiolar, y b) las que presentan signos indirectos de afectación bronquiolar (atrapamiento aéreo/patrón “en mosaico”).

La TCAR es muy útil para estudiar las complicaciones asociadas al asma (aspergilosis broncopulmonar alérgica) o para valorar los procesos que clínicamente son muy similares, como la neumonitis por hipersensibilidad. En los pacientes asmáticos, la TC con multidetectores (TCMD) permite establecer una correlación directa entre los síntomas clínicos, el engrosamiento de la pared de la vía aérea y el grado de obstrucción al flujo aéreo. La TCMD es también útil para valorar cuantitativamente el grado de atrapamiento aéreo en los pacientes con enfisema.

La resonancia magnética (RM) tras la inhalación de diferentes gases, como el 3He y xenón-129, y la TC con energía dual (TCED) son también técnicas de imagen útiles en la valoración directa o indirecta del grado de obstrucción al flujo aéreo (atrapamiento).

Palabras clave:
Pequeña vía aérea
Asma
Bronquiolitis
Tomografía computarizada de alta resolución
Resonancia magnética
Abstract

Imaging techniques are highly useful diagnostic tools to study small airway diseases. Despite their differences, from a clinical pathological perspective, these diseases show similar radiological manifestations. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) is the technique of choice to study diffuse diseases and those of the small airways; the slices obtained in expiratory high-resolution CT scan should form part of the study protocol of small airway diseases. Based on the findings of high-resolution CT, small airway diseases can be divided into two large groups: (a) those presenting direct morphological signs of bronchiolar involvement, and (b) those showing indirect signs of bronchiolar involvement (air trapping/mosaic pattern). High-resolution CT is highly useful to study the complications of asthma (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) and to evaluate clinically similar processes, such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis. In asthmatic patients, multi-detector CT (MDTC) allows clinical symptoms, thickening of the airway wall and the degree of airflow obstruction to be directly correlated. MDTC is also useful for quantitative evaluation of the degree of air trapping in patients with emphysema.

Magnetic resonance imaging after inhalation of distinct gases, such as 3He and xenon-129 and dual-energy CT are also useful imaging techniques in the direct or indirect evaluation of the degree of airflow obstruction (air trapping).

Keywords:
Small airways
Asthma
Bronchiolitis
High-resolution computed tomography
Magnetic resonance
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