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Vol. 25. Issue 5.
Pages 179-183 (June - July 1989)
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Vol. 25. Issue 5.
Pages 179-183 (June - July 1989)
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Manejo quirurgico de la hemoptisis masiva
Surgical management of severe hemoptysis
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C. Bidegain Pavón, G. Cacciuttolo Peralta, C. Czischke del Pozo
Servicio de Cirugía Torácica. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Cirugía Torácica. INERYCT, Santiago. Chile
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El presente estudio corresponde a 41 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por hemoptisis masiva (HM). El 63,4 % correspondió a la forma masiva propiamente dicha y un 36,6 % a la forma exanguinizante. Las etiologías más frecuentes fueron la tuberculosis pulmonar en su forma secuelar 41 %, la tuberculosis en fase exudativa 26,8 %, las bronquiectasias 9,7 %, la hidatidosis y el cáncer broncogénico, ambas con un 4,8 %. La parasitación aspergilar acompañó a la tuberculosis queiscente en un 76,4 %.

El grupo principal de pacientes fue intervenido en el primer o segundo episodio de HM. El diagnóstico topográfico del sitio desangrado se consiguió mediante fibrobroncoscopia en 38 pacientes, con un 50 % de certeza en identificar el bronquio lobar sangrante y un 36,8 % en ubicar el segmento sangrante. Un 25 % de este grupo requirió el procedimiento con intubación endotraqueal previo a la intervención misma.

La resección quirúrgica se practicó por toracotomía lateral, predominando las lobectomías seguidas de neumonectomías. Registramos un 28,8 % de complicaciones; de ellas un 46,1 % correspondían a hemotórax postoperatorio derivado de los procedimientos de clivaje extrapleural y a la transfusión masiva; a la fístula broncopleural correspondió el 23 % de las complicaciones quirúrgicas, siendo solamente una de ellas de tipo precoz.

La mortalidad alcanzó al 11,1 % de los pacientes, principalmente por accidentes intraoperatorios acompañados de fallo hipóxico.

En el seguimiento alejado del grupo principal de enfermos con tuberculosis activa o secuelas, un 14,3 % reingresó con nuevos episodios de HM entre los 45 días y los 4 años de operados, la mitad de ellos con sangramiento del muñón operatorio.

In the present study, 41 patients operated on for massive hemoptysis (MH) are evaluated. 63,4 % had the simple massive form and 36,6 % the exsanguinating type. The most common etiologies were pulmonary tuberculosis, both in its residual type (41 %) and in exudative phase (26,8 %), bronchiectasis (9,7 %), hydatid disease and bronchial carcinoma (both 4,8 %). Parasitism by Aspergillus was associated with clinically silent tuberculosis in 76,4 %.

The major group of patients was operated in the first or second episode of MH. The topographic diagnosis of the bleeding point was achieved with fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 38 patients, with a 50 % accuracy in detecting the bleeding lobar bronchus and 36,8 % for the bleeding segment. 25 % of this group required tracheal intubation before the surgical procedure itself.

Surgical resection was carried of through lateral thoracotomy. Lobectomies predominated followed by pneumectomies. The complication rate was 28,8 %; of these, 46,1 % corresponded to postoperative hemothorax as a consequence of the extrapleural cleavage prcedures and massive transfusio. 23 % of the complications were due to bronchopleural fitula, which was early in only one case.

Mortality rate was 11,1 %, mainly due to intraoperative accidents associated with hypoxic failure.

In the long term follow up of the major group of patients with active tuberculosis or sequelae, 14,3 % had new admissions for new episodes of MH between 45 days and 4 years after operation; in one half of them the bleeding point was the operative stump.

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Copyright © 1989. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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