Journal Information
Vol. 44. Issue 8.
Pages 428-436 (January 2008)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 44. Issue 8.
Pages 428-436 (January 2008)
Review Article
Full text access
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Visits
17572
José Javier Gómez-Román
Corresponding author
apagrj@humv.es

Correspondence: Dr J.J. Gómez-Román Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla Avda Valdecilla, s/n 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a clinical syndrome that can be life threatening if not diagnosed and treated in time. In most cases it occurs largely as a result of small-vessel vasculitis of the lungs. The many different forms can be classified into 3 large groups: a) pauciimmune disease, which generally involves pulmonary capillaritis and is associated with the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; b) syndromes caused by immune deposits, which can be detected by immunofluorescence; and c) a large miscellaneous group that includes drug reactions, infections, and idiopathic disease. Diagnosis is based on a combination of signs, symptoms, serology, and histology. Biopsy with video-assisted thoracoscopy should be recommended in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage without known cause and with no prior diagnosis of systemic disease, in whom serology studies do not reveal conclusive data, and in general in those patients for whom there is a high level of suspicion of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. In all such cases, the fresh biopsy material should be sent to the pathology laboratory for preparation of frozen sections to be used for immunofluorescence.

Key words:
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Diagnosis
Lung biopsy

Las hemorragias alveolares difusas son cuadros clínicos que pueden ser catastróficos si no se diagnostican y tratan a tiempo. Suelen estar causadas en gran parte por vasculitis de vasos pequeños pulmonares. Existen 3 grandes grupos: a) las pauciinmunitarias, generalmente asociadas a capilaritis y anticuerpos citoplásmicos antineutrófilos; b) las producidas por depósitos inmunológicos, que pueden detectarse mediante inmunofluorescencia, y c) un gran grupo misceláneo, que incluye toxicidad por fármacos, infecciones y causas idiopáticas. El diagnóstico se basa en la integración de signos, síntomas, estudios serológicos y morfológicos. Se debe recomendar la realización de una biopsia por videotoracoscopia en los pacientes con hemorragia alveolar difusa de causa inexplicada, sin un diagnóstico previo de enfermedad sistémica, en la que los estudios serológicos no proporcionan datos concluyentes, y en general en aquellos pacientes con un elevado índice de sospecha de que estén desarrollando una hemorragia alveolar difusa. En todos estos casos, la biopsia debe remitirse en fresco a los servicios de anatomía patológica para permitir la congelación de un fragmento tisular, que será utilizado para el estudio por inmunofluorescencia.

Palabras clave:
Hemorragia alveolar difusa
Diagnóstico
Biopsia pulmonar
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1]
E Fernández Fabrellas, J Blanquer Olivas, R Blanquer Olivas, M Simó Mompó, E Chiner Vives, F Ruiz Montalt.
Acute lung injury as initial manifestation of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.
An Med Interna, 16 (1999), pp. 281-284
[2]
JC Jenette, RJ Falk, K Andrassy, PA Bacon, J Churg, WL Gross, et al.
Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference.
Arthritis Rheum, 37 (1994), pp. 187-192
[3]
RJ Green, SJ Ruoss, SA Kraft, SR Duncan, GJ Berry, TA Raffin.
Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage. Update on diagnosis and management.
Chest, 110 (1996), pp. 1305-1316
[4]
MI Schwarz, KK Brown.
Small vessels vasculitis of the lung.
Thorax, 55 (2000), pp. 502-510
[5]
M Vallverdú Vidal, M León Vallés, E Gascó Eguiluz.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage of rare etiology.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 596-597
[6]
U Specks.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage síndromes.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 13 (2001), pp. 12-17
[7]
TV Colby, J Fukuoka, SP Ewaskow, R Helmers, KO Leslie.
Pathologic approach to pulmonary hemorrhage.
Ann Diagn Pathol, 5 (2001), pp. 309-319
[8]
KO Leslie, JF Gruden, JM Parish, MB Scholand.
Transbronchial biopsy interpretation in the patient with diffuse parenchymal lung disease.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 131 (2007), pp. 407-423
[9]
R Sánchez, J Gil, E Barroso, F Rivera, I Aranda, S Romero.
Respiratory failure secondary to organizing pneumonia in a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and lung haemorrhage.
Respiration, 74 (2007), pp. 592-594
[10]
EK Verbeken.
Anti-neutrophil antibodies and immune complexes vasculitis.
Eur Respir Mon, 34 (2006), pp. 91-101
[11]
SK Frankel, GP Cosgrove, A Fischer, RT Meehan, KK Brown.
Update in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vasculitis.
Chest, 129 (2006), pp. 452-465
[12]
EJ Mark, J Ramírez.
Pulmonary capillaritis and hemorrhage in patients with systemic vasculitis.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 109 (1985), pp. 413-418
[13]
AA Gal, A Velasquez.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody in the absence of Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis: implications for the surgical pathologist.
Mod Pathol, 15 (2002), pp. 197-204
[14]
WD Travis, GS Hoffman, RY Leavitt, HI Pass, AS Fauci.
Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener's granulomatosis. Review of 87 open lung biopsies from 67 patients.
Am J Surg Pathol, 15 (1991), pp. 315-333
[15]
AL Katzenstein.
Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome in the lung. A review.
Am J Clin Pathol, 114 (2000), pp. 767-772
[16]
X Bosch, J Font, E Mirapeix.
Antimyeloperoxidase autoantibodyassociated necrotizing alveolar capillaritis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992), pp. 1326-1329
[17]
PT Kelly, E Haponik.
Goodpasture's syndrome: molecular and clinical advances.
Medicine (Baltimore), 73 (1994), pp. 171
[18]
A Tobler, E Schurch, HJ Altermatt, V Im Hof.
Antibasement membrane antibody disease with severe pulmonary hemorrhage and normal renal function.
Thorax, 46 (1991), pp. 68
[19]
R Westhovens, F De Keyser, FHJ Van den Hoogen, B Hellmich, CG Kallenberg, B Lauwerys, et al.
The clinical spectrum and pathogenesis of pulmonary manifestations in connective tissue diseases.
Eur Respir Mon, 34 (2006), pp. 1-26
[20]
MD Hughson, Z He, J Henegar, R McMurray.
Alveolar hemorrhage and renal microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 125 (2001), pp. 475-483
[21]
MR Zamora, ML Warner, R Tuder, MI Schwarz.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical presentation, histology, survival and outcome.
Medicine (Baltimore), 76 (1997), pp. 192-202
[22]
D Anantham, KP Chan, KL Chuah, A Vathsala, P Eng.
Pulmonary capillaritis in IgA nephropathy.
South Med J, 100 (2007), pp. 605-607
[23]
JL Hernández, JJ Gómez Román, E Rodrigo, JM Olmos, C González Vela, JC Ruiz, et al.
Bronchiolitis obliterans and IgA nephropathy: a new cause of pulmonary-renal syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156 (1997), pp. 665-668
[24]
MI Schwarz, MR Zamora, TN Hodges, ED Chan, RP Bowler, RM Tuder.
Isolated pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in rheumatoid arthritis and mixed connective tissue disease.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 1609-1615
[25]
T Naniwa, S Banno, Y Sugiura, K Yokota, T Oosawa, S Maeda, et al.
Pulmonary-renal syndrome in systemic sclerosis: a report of three cases and review of the literature.
Mod Rheumatol, 17 (2007), pp. 37-44
[26]
MI Schwarz, JM Sutarik, JA Nick, JA Leff, JW Emlen, RM Tuder.
Pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. A primary manifestation of polymyositis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151 (1995), pp. 2037-2040
[27]
E Gertner.
Diffuse aveolar hemorrhage in the antiphospholipid syndrome: spectrum of disease and treatment.
J Rheumatol, 26 (1999), pp. 805-807
[28]
RA Asherson, R Cervera, JC Piette, J Font, TJ Lie, A Burcoglu, et al.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients.
Medicine (Baltimore), 77 (1998), pp. 195-207
[29]
E Cuéllar Obispo, E Torrado González, M Álvarez Bueno, JA Ferriz Martín, A Vera Almazán, JJ Rodríguez García.
A diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage following thrombolytic therapy in an acute myocardial infarct.
Rev Esp Cardiol, 45 (1992), pp. 421-424
[30]
I Baran, B Ozdemir, S Co?kun.
Diffuse intra-alveolar haemorrhage as a complication of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
Acta Cardiol, 59 (2004), pp. 347-350
[31]
P Raanani, E Segal, I Levi, M Bercowicz, H Berkenstat, A Avigdor, et al.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients treated with ATRA – a manifestation of the basic disease or the treatment.
Leuk Lymphoma, 37 (2000), pp. 605-610
[32]
TS Lin, SL Penza, BR Avalos, MR Lucarelli, SS Farag, JC Byrd, et al.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following gemtuzumab ozogamicin.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 35 (2005), pp. 823-824
[33]
S Panagi, W Palka, BI Korelitz, M Taskin, KD Lessnau.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after infliximab treatment of Crohn's disease.
Inflam Bowel Dis, 10 (2004), pp. 274-277
[34]
PT Pham, PC Pham, GM Danovitch, DJ Ross, HA Gritsch, EA Kendrick, et al.
Sirolimus-associated pulmonary toxicity.
Transplantation, 77 (2004), pp. 1215-1220
[35]
CT Derk, SA Jiménez.
Goodpasture-like syndrome induced by Dpenicillamine in a patient with systemic sclerosis: report and review of the literature.
J Rheumatol, 30 (2003), pp. 1616-1620
[36]
GA Heresi, CF Farver, JK Stoller.
Interstitial pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhage complicating use of rituximab. Case report and review of the literature.
Respiration, (2007 Jun 27),
[37]
LJ Dupont, GM Verleden.
Noninfectious pulmonary complications after organ transplantation.
Eur Respir Mon, 34 (2006), pp. 202-219
[38]
GM García-Rostan y Pérez, F García Bragado, AM Puras Gil.
Pulmonary hemorrhage and antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis after exposure to smoked cocaine (crack): a case report and review of the literature.
Pathol Int, 47 (1997), pp. 692-697
[39]
M Nakayama, M Bando, A Kobayashi, T Hosono, A Tsujita, H Yamasawa, et al.
Case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage caused by propylthiouracil.
Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi, 45 (2007), pp. 508-513
[40]
JD Nuckols.
Autopsy findings in umbilical cord blood transplant recipients.
Am J Clin Pathol, 112 (1999), pp. 335-342
[41]
C Huisman, HM Van der Straaten, MR Canninga-Van Dijk, R Fijnheer, LF Verdonck.
Pulmonary complications after T-cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation: low incidence and strong association with acute graft-versus-host disease.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 38 (2006), pp. 561-566
[42]
LJ Dupont, GM Verleden.
Noninfectious pulmonary complications after organ transplantation.
Eur Respir Mon, 34 (2006), pp. 202-219
[43]
C Agustí, J Ramírez, C Picado, A Xaubet, E Carreras, E Ballester, et al.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A postmortem study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151 (1995), pp. 1006-1010
[44]
J Berenguer, JL Rodríguez-Tudela, C Richard, M Álvarez, MA Sanz, L Gaztelurrutia, et al.
Deep infections caused by Scedosporium prolificans. A report on 16 cases in Spain and a review of the literature. Scedosporium Prolificans Spanish Study Group.
Medicine (Baltimore), 76 (1997), pp. 256-265
[45]
AM Luks, S Lakshminarayanan, JV Hirschmann.
Leptospirosis presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: case report and literature review.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 639-643
[46]
X Guo, R Gopalan, S Ugbarugba, H Stringer, M Heisler, M Foreman, et al.
Hepatitis B-related polyarteritis nodosa complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage.
Chest, 119 (2001), pp. 1608-1610
[47]
V Gómez-Tello, JJ Oñoro-Cañaveral, RM De la Casa Monje, RB GómezCasero, JL Moreno Hurtrez, M García-Montes, et al.
Diffuse recidivant alveolar hemorrhage in a patient with hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Intensive Care Med, 25 (1999), pp. 319-322
[48]
M Thomeer, L Harper, P Heeringa, P Saikku, CO Savage, E Van Wijngaerden, et al.
Classification and new development in the pathogenesis of vasculitis.
Eur Respir Mon, 34 (2006), pp. 50-68
[49]
TV Colby, J Fukuoka, SP Ewaskow, R Helmers, KO Leslie.
Pathologic approach to pulmonary hemorrhage.
Ann Diagn Pathol, 5 (2001), pp. 309-319

This review was presented in part as a paper at the XXV SOCALPAR Congress in Segovia, Spain, in May 2006.

Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?