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Vol. 36. Issue 1.
Pages 13-18 (January 2000)
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Vol. 36. Issue 1.
Pages 13-18 (January 2000)
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Características de la actividad mecánica de los músculos respiratorios durante la técnica de “respiración diafragmática”*
Respiratory muscle mechanics during diaphragmatic breathing
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18058
M. Pastóa, J. Geaa,b,
Corresponding author
jgea@imim.es

Correspondencia: Servei de Pneumologia. Hospital del Mar-IMIM. Avda. Doctor Aiguader, 80. 08003 Barcelona.
, M.C. Aguara, E. Barreiroc, M. Orozco-Levia, M. Féleza, J. Broquetasa,d
a Servei de Pneumologia y Unitat de Recerca Respiratòria-Ambiental. Hospital del Mar-IMIM
b Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Barcelona
c Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University. Montreal. Canadá
d Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona
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Abstract
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Entre las técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria destaca la llamada “respiración diafragmática” (RD). Sin embargo, y a pesar de su nombre, apenas se conocen las características funcionales de esta modalidad ventilatoria.

Objetivo

Evaluar la actividad mecánica de los músculos respiratorios, especialmente del diafragma, durante la RD en pacientes con EPOC grave.

Métodos

En 10 enfermos de esas características en fase estable (69±6 años, FEV1 33±12% ref), se estudiaron el patrón ventilatorio y las presiones respiratorias (abdominal o Pga, intratorácica o Pes y transdiafragmática o Pdi), tanto en situación basal como durante la respiración profunda con reclutamiento muscular espontáneo (RME) y la RD. El estudio se realizó tanto en sedestación (SED) como en decúbito supino (DEC).

Resultados

En SED, el patrón ventilatorio no presentó diferencias entre RME y RD. En cambio, la Pdi media a volumen corriente fue mayor durante la RD (respectivamente, 29,3±9,3 y 34,8±8,0cmH2O; p<0,05), para valores similares de Pes. Sin embargo, la efectividad mecánica del diafragma (expresada por el Vt/Pdi), era menor en RD (49,5 ±15,8 y 36,1±10,4cm3/cmH2O; p<0,05), sin cambios en la efectividad global de los músculos respiratorios (Vt/Pes). En DEC, los resultados fueron similares respecto del patrón ventilatorio para RME y RD, aunque Vt y TI fueron algo superiores en la segunda (respectivamente, 1.065±305 y 1.211±314cm3, p <0,01; y 2,76±1,32 frente a 3,07±1,23 s, p<0,05). La Pdi también presentó un valor más alto en RD (29,7±10,2 y 38,0±10,5cmH2O; p<0,05), acompañado en esta ocasión por una Pes también superior (21,2±7,5 a 26,4±8,4cmH2O; p<0,005). Siguiendo con el DEC, la efectividad tanto del diafragma como de la globalidad de los músculos respiratorios resultó similar para ambas modalidades ventilatorias.

Conclusiones

La RD realmente corresponde a un mayor uso del diafragma, tanto en SED como en DEC. Sin embargo, en pacientes con EPOC grave esto no se traduce en una mayor efectividad en términos ventilatorios, si se compara con la RME.

Palabras clave:
EPOC
Rehabilitación respiratoria
Diafragma

Noteworthy among breathing training techniques is so-called diaphragmatic breathing. In spite of the technique's name, however, little is known of the functional characteristics of this ventilatory method.

Objective

To assess the mechanics of respiratory muscles, particularly diaphragm muscles, during diaphragmatic breathing in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

Ventilatory pattern and respiratory pressures (abdominal [Pga], intrathoracic [Pes] and transdiaphragmatic [Pdi]) were studied in 10 patients with severe COPD in stable phase (age 69±6 years, FEV1 33±12% ref) at baseline and during deep breathing with spontaneous muscle recruitment (SMR) and during breathing training. Measurements were taken with the patient seated and in supine decubitus position.

Results

In seated position ventilatory pattern was similar with SMR and during breathing training. Mean Pdi during airflow, however, was greater during breathing training than with SMR (34.8±8.0 and 29.3±9.3cmH2O, respectively, p<0.05) for similar levels of Pes. Mechanical effectiveness of the diaphragm expressed as Vt/Pdi) was less during breathing training, however (36.1±10.4 and 49.5±15.8 cc/cmH2O, p<0.05), with no changes in overall efficacy of respiratory muscles (Vt/Pes). In supine decubitus position, ventilatory patterns of SMR and breathing training were similar, although Vt and T1 were slightly higher in the latter (1,065±305 vs. 1,211±314 cc, p<0.01; and 2.76±1.32 vs. 3.07±1.23 sec, p<0.05). Pdi was also higher during breathing training (29.7±10.2 and 38.0±10.5cmH2O, p<0.05), although accompanied in this case by a higher Pes (21.2±7.5 to 26.4±8.4cmH2O, p<0.005). In supine decubitus position, the effectiveness of both diaphragm muscles and respiratory muscles overall was similar for both ventilatory modes.

Conclusions

Breathing training truly involves greater use of the diaphragm, both in seated and supine decubitus positions. Breathing training does not provide greater ventilatory efficacy than SMR, however, in COPD patients.

Key words:
COPD
Breathing training
Diaphragm
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