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Vol. 35. Issue 8.
Pages 372-378 (September 1999)
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Vol. 35. Issue 8.
Pages 372-378 (September 1999)
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Ingreso en el hospital por asma. Análisis descriptivo y factores pronósticos tras el alta
Hospital admission for asthma. A descriptive study and analysis of factors related to prognosis after relase
Visits
4481
J. Serrano, V. Plaza*, J. Sanchis
Departamento de Neumología. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Barcelona
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Abstract
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Fundamento

En España, los estudios observacionales sobre los asmáticos que ingresan por una agudización de su enfermedad son escasos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las características clínicas de estos pacientes y analizar qué factores influyen en su evolución tras el alta.

Métodos

Se incluyeron prospectivamente los asmáticos que ingresaron en nuestro hospital durante 12 meses consecutivos. Tras el alta, se efectuaron dos controles telefónicos al primer y cuarto mes. Se recogieron las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes, las exacerbaciones, los reingresos, el tratamiento y el control médico recibidos.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 65 pacientes (44 mujeres y 21 varones; media de edad 45 años; DE: 19). La mayoría (54%) ingresó en otoño y las causas más frecuentes de exacerbación fueron las infecciones del tracto respiratorio (68%). El 54% de los pacientes presentaba asma grave, el 32% moderada y el 14% leve antes del ingreso. Durante el seguimiento, el 51% de los mismos presentó, al menos, una exacerbación del asma, el 38% precisó asistencia en urgencias y el 19% reingresó. Dos pacientes (3%) fallecieron por asma. El análisis de regresión logística múltiple relacionó la aparición de exacerbaciones tras el alta con la mayor gravedad del asma y la ausencia de betaadrenérgicos de acción prolongada; los reingresos se relacionaron con la menor duración del tratamiento con glucocorticoides orales al alta y un mayor número de ingresos hospitalarios previos.

Conclusiones

a) Los ingresos por asma se producen mayoritariamente en otoño, probablemente en relación con las infecciones de vías respiratorias, y no son exclusivos del asma grave; b) tras el alta, la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la enfermedad, a corto plazo, son elevadas, y c) la propia gravedad de la enfermedad y un tratamiento insuficiente son factores relacionados con una mala evolución clínica del asma tras la hospitalización.

Palabras clave:
Asma
Estudio descriptivo
Ingreso hospitalario
Factores pronósticos
Background

Few authors have looked at admissions in Spain of patients with acute asthma attacks. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical profile of such patients and analyze factors influencing disease course after release.

Methods

Asthmatics admitted to our hospital were enrolled prospectively over 12 consecutive months. The patients were telephoned one and four months after release. Demographic and clinical data were collected in addition to data on exacerbations, readmissions, treatment and medical follow-up.

Results

Sixty-five patients (44 women and 21 men, mean age 45, SD 19). Most (54%) were admitted in autumn and the most common cause of exacerbation was respiratory tract infection (68%). Before admission, 54% had severe asthma, 32% had moderate asthma and 14% had mild asthma. At least one exacerbation occurred for 54% of patients, while 38% required emergency assistance and 19% were readmitted. Two patients (3%) died of asthma. Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed a relation between the appearance of exacerbation after release and greater severity of asthma and the absence of long-lasting (β-adrenergic drugs. Readmission was related to shorter duration of treatment with oral glucocorticoids after release and a higher number of prior hospital admissions.

Conclusions

1) Admission due to asthma occurs mainly in autumn and is probably related to respiratory infections, rather than exclusively to severe asthma. 2) After release, short-term morbidity and mortality due to the disease are high. 3) Disease severity itself and inadequate treatment are both related to poor clinical course after release.

Key words:
Asthma
Descriptive study
Prognostic factors
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Copyright © 1999. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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