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Vol. 35. Issue 8.
Pages 379-384 (September 1999)
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Vol. 35. Issue 8.
Pages 379-384 (September 1999)
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Hemoptisis amenazante. Tratamiento mediante embolización transcatéter
Life-threatening hemoptysis. Treatment by transcatheter embolization
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M.J. Gimeno Peribáñez, B. Madariaga, E.R. Alfonso Aguirán, J. Medrano Peña, J.A. Fernández Gómez, M.A. de Gregorio Ariza1
Sección de Radiología Intervencionista. Hospital Clínico Universitario. Zaragoza
M. Herrera*
* Vascular and Interventional Section. University of Iowa. USA
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Objetivo

Evaluar la eficacia inmediata y a largo plazo de la embolización transcatéter de arterias bronquiales, sistémicas y pulmonares como tratamiento de la hemoptisis amenazante. Asimismo, se propone una sistemática de tratamiento de la hemoptisis amenazante mediante embolización transcatéter.

Material y métodos

Se realizaron 107 estudios angiográficos en igual número de pacientes con hemoptisis amenazante y sangrado superior a 150ml en 24h. Previamente se habían aplicado medidas endoscópicas consistentes en lavados con suero fisiológico frío más adrenalina. Del total de pacientes, 33 eran mujeres y 74 varones, con una edad media de 52,3 años (rango: 12-75). Se realizó embolización en 104 pacientes (tres de ellos con hemoptisis recidivante). Como material de embolización se utilizaron partículas de alcohol polivinilo y microcoils. En todos los pacientes se revisaron sistemáticamente las arterias bronquiales y las arterias sistémicas del hemitórax patológico (arterias mamaria y toracicolaterales). En caso negativo o de recidiva se realizó arteriografía pulmonar.

Resultados

No se consiguió cateterizar la teórica arteria responsable del sangrado en 2 casos. En un paciente, el estudio vascular tanto de arterias bronquiales sistémicas como pulmonares resultó normal. El éxito técnico para la embolización fue del 99% (103/104), mientras que el éxito clínico inmediato fue del 95,1% (99/104). El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 43,2 meses (rango: 3-66). Se presentó recidiva en el 15,3% de los pacientes (16 casos) a los 8,3 meses de media (rango: 15 días-48 meses), de los que en 14 casos se realizó una nueva embolización con resultados satisfactorios y 2 fueron sometidos a cirugía. En 5 pacientes (4,8%) se observaron complicaciones que no requirieron tratamiento médico adicional: migración de coil a arteria femoral profunda que se extrajo mediante canasta en un caso, extravasación de arteria bronquial con pequeño hematoma mediastínico en dos casos, y hematoma en el punto de punción en otros dos casos.

Conclusión

La embolización selectiva o supraselectiva de las arterias que irrigan el árbol bronquial constituye un tratamiento eficaz de la hemoptisis amenazante no requiriendo generalmente ninguna otra medida terapéutica adicional.

Palabras clave:
Hemoptisis amenazante
Embolización
Tratamiento percutáneo
Objective

To evaluate the immediate and long-term efficacy of transcatheter embolization of bronchial, systemic and pulmonary arteries to treat life-threatening hemoptysis. Likewise, we propose the systematic treatment of lifethreatening hemoptysis by means of transcatheter embolization.

Material and methods

One hundred seven angiographies were performed on the same number of patients experiencing life-threatening hemoptysis with bleeding exceeding 150ml in 24hours. Before angiography, we rinsed the vessels with cold saline solution and adrenalin through the catheter. Thirty-three patients were female and 74 were male. Mean age was 52.3 years (range 12 to 75 years). Embolization was performed in 104 (3 in patients with recurrent hemoptysis) using polyvinyl alcohol and micro-coils. Bronchial and systemic arteries of the affected hemithorax (mammary and lateral thoracic arteries) were checked in all patients. If findings were negative or bleeding was recurrent, we also performed pulmonary arteriography.

Results

In two cases we were unable to catheterize the artery theoretically responsible for bleeding. Examination of both arterial and systemic vessels proved normal in one patient. The embolization technique was successful in 99% (103/104) of the cases and the rate of immediate clinical success was 95.1% (99/104). The mean time of follow-up was 43.2 months (range 3 to 66 months). Hemoptysis recurred in 15.3% (16 cases) within a mean 8.3 months (range 15 days to 48 months); embolization was repeated in 14 of these patients with satisfactory results, while two underwent surgery. In five patients (4.8%) we observed complications requiring no additional medical treatment: one instance of coil migration to the deep femoral artery, from which the coil was removed in a basket; two cases of bronchial artery extravasation with small mediastinal hematomas; and two hematomas at the points of puncture.

Conclusion

Selective or supra-selective embolization of the arteries that feed the bronchi provides effective management of life-threatening hemoptysis. No additional medical treatment is usually required.

Key words:
Life-threatening hemoptysis
Embolization
Percutaneous treatment
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Copyright © 1999. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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