Puesta al día: Enfermedades sistémicas y corazón (III)Neurología y cardiología: puntos de contactoNeurology and Cardiology: Points of Contact
Section snippets
Introducción
Los neurólogos y los cardiólogos intervienen con frecuencia en la coordinación de la asistencia de los pacientes con diversos trastornos, el más frecuente de los cuales es el ictus. En este artículo se revisa el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los trastornos que tienen manifestaciones tanto cardiacas como neurológicas. La revisión está estructurada según los trastornos cardiacos que predisponen a complicaciones neurológicas y los trastornos neurológicos que pueden afectar al corazón.
Complicaciones neurológicas de las enfermedades cardiacas
Las cardiopatías pueden verse complicadas por un ictus, un deterioro cognitivo o infecciones del sistema nervioso central. Los trastornos cardiacos, principalmente la fibrilación auricular (FA), las miocardiopatías, las valvulopatías cardiacas y las anomalías del tabique interauricular explican un 20-30% del total de ictus isquémicos1, 2. El mecanismo de producción del ictus cardiogénico es con frecuencia embólico, pero también puede producirse una hipoperfusión, en especial en los pacientes
Enfermedad cerebrovascular
De la misma forma que el ictus puede ser una complicación de diversos trastornos cardiacos, la enfermedad cerebrovascular puede afectar al corazón. Se dan alteraciones electrocardiográficas (ECG) que indican un IM en los pacientes con hemorragia intracerebral o hemorragia subaracnoidea y en un 15-40% de los que presentan un ictus isquémico89. El ictus puede causar ondas T invertidas grandes en las derivaciones anteriores del ECG, así como diversas arritmias cardiacas. Los ictus graves pueden
Conclusiones
Las enfermedades cardiacas y neurológicas se solapan con frecuencia. Se están realizando actualmente ensayos aleatorizados para aclarar cuáles son las mejores estrategias de tratamiento en muchos de estos trastornos, y se ha podido elaborar algunas guías de tratamiento como la de prevención del ictus en FA. Resulta difícil, pero no imposible, realizar estudios similares para los trastornos neuromusculares menos frecuentes103, 104.
Conflicto de intereses
Ninguno.
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