Journal Information
Vol. 39. Issue 6.
Pages 274-282 (June 2003)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 39. Issue 6.
Pages 274-282 (June 2003)
Full text access
Segundo documento de consenso sobre uso de antimicrobianos en la exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
Second consensus report on the use of antimicrobial agents in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Visits
12782
F. Álvareza, E. Bouzab, J.A. García-Rodríguezb,
Corresponding author
jagarrod@gugu.usal.es

Correspondencia: Departamento de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario. P.° San Vicente 108. 37007 Salamanca. España
, J. Mensab, E. Monsóa, J.J. Picazob, V. Sobradilloa, A. Torresa, M. Moya Mirc, M. Martínez Ortiz de Záratec, F. Pérez Escanillad, T. Puentee, J.L. Cañadae
a Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR)
b Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia (Seq)
c Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (Semes)
d Sociedad Española de Medicina General (Semg)
e Sociedad Española de Medicina Rural y Generalista (Semergen)
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics

En el año 2000, expertos de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR), la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia (SEQ) y la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (SEMFyC), conscientes de la importancia de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), elaboraron un documento-consenso que pudiera servir como base para el control de la enfermedad, mediante un adecuado uso de antimicrobianos. Ahora, 3 años después, y con motivo de importantes avances científicos, se plantea una profunda revisión, que en realidad constituye el Segundo Documento de Consenso sobre Uso de antimicrobianos en la exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Por un lado, diferentes sociedades científicas han demostrado interés en adherirse al proyecto y trabajar en él: Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), Sociedad Española de Medicina General (SEMG) y Sociedad Española de Medicina Rural y Generalista (SEMERGEN), lo cual, conjuntamente con la declinación de la SEMFyC, obliga a cambiar la estructura y algunos contenidos del documento. Por otra parte, en el momento presente se ha incorporado al arsenal terapéutico del médico un nuevo grupo de antimicrobianos (los cetólidos) con un único representante hasta ahora, la telitromicina, que permite considerarlo no sólo como terapia alternativa sino de elección, incluso en determinadas circunstancias clínicas que se analizan en el documento. Éstos son los dos aspectos más significativos que, sumados a otros, como la cada vez más aceptada actividad de levofloxacino sobre Pseudomonas aeruginosa y la constante actividad que demuestra amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico cuando se administra a las dosis recomendadas cada 8 horas, ofrecen nuevos patrones antibióticos para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Por último, se analizan científicamente otros grupos de antimicrobianos (macrólidos, cefalosporinas orales, etc.) y se ofrecen normas de empleo de estos agentes, tanto por parte de los especialistas como de los médicos de atención primaria

Aware of the importance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a panel of experts belonging to the Spanish Society of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR), the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy (SEQ) and the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SEMFyC) issued a statement of consensus in 2000 to serve as the basis for adequate antibiotic control of the disease. Three years later, in accordance with significant scientific progress made in this area, the statement has been thoroughly revised. The new paper in fact constitutes a second consensus statement on the use of antibiotics in COPD exacerbations. When several scientific associations expressed interest in joining the project and contributing to it –the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), the Spanish Society of General Medicine (SEMG) and the Spanish Society of Rural and General Medicine (SEMERGEN)– their incorporation led SEPAR and SEMFyC to change the structure of the statement and certain aspects of its content. Additionally, a new group of antibiotics, the ketolides, has joined the therapeutic arsenal. Telithromycin, the single representative of the group for the moment, can be considered not only an alternative treatment but even the drug of choice in certain clinical settings that are analyzed in the new statement. Those developments, along with others, such as the increasingly recognized action of levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the steady action of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid when administered at recommended doses every 8 hours, provide new antimicrobial therapeutic protocols for COPD. Finally, the statement includes a scientific analysis of other groups of antimicrobial agents (macrolides, oral cephalosporins, etc.) and guidelines for both primary care physicians and specialists to follow when prescribing them

Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
G.L. Snider, J. Kleinreman, W.M. Thurlbeck, Z.H. Bengali.
The definition of emphysema: report of the National Heart and Blood Institute, division of lung diseases, workshop.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 132 (1985), pp. 182-185
[2.]
J. Frías, M. Gomis, J. Prieto, et al.
Tratamiento antibiótico empírico inicial de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.
Rev Esp Quimioterap, 11 (1998), pp. 255-261
[3.]
N. Bosanquet.
Europe and tobacco.
Bmj, 304 (1992), pp. 370-372
[4.]
V. Sobradillo, M. Miratvilles, R. Gabriel, et al.
Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD. Results of the IBERPOC Multicentre Epidemiological Study.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 981-989
[5.]
F. Ballester, S. Pérez-Hoyos, M.L. Rivera, et al.
Patrones de frecuentación y factores asociados al ingreso en el hospital de las urgencias hospitalarias por asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.
Arch Bronconeumol, 35 (1999), pp. 20-26
[6.]
Grupo para el Estudio de la Infección en Urgencias.
Estudio epidemiológico de las infecciones en el Área de Urgencias.
Emergencias, 12 (2000), pp. 80-89
[7.]
M. Martínez Ortiz de Zárate.
Aspectos epidemiológicos de las infecciones en las Áreas de Urgencias.
Emergencias, 13 (2001), pp. S44-S50
[8.]
J. Vaqué, Grupo de Trabajo EPINE.
Evolución de la prevalencia de las infecciones nosocomiales en los hospitales españoles.
Proyecto EPINE 1990-1997. Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Higiene, Madrid, (1998),
[9.]
J.T. MacFarlane, A. Colville, A. Guion, R.M. MacFarlane, D.H. Rose.
Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower respiratory tract infections in the community.
Lancet, 341 (1993), pp. 511-514
[10.]
M. Woodhead, G. Gialdroni Grassi, G.J. Huchon, P. Léophonte, F. Manresa, T. Schaberg.
Use of investigations in lower respiratory tract infection in the community: A European survey.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 1596-1600
[11.]
G. Huchon, G. Gialdroni-Grassi, P. Léophonte, F. Manresa, T. Schaberg, M. Woodhead.
Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 1590-1595
[12.]
J. Romero Vivas, M. Rubio Alonso, O. Corral, S. Pacheco, E. Agudo, J.J. Picazo.
Estudio de las infecciones respiratorias extrahospitalarias.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 15 (1997), pp. 289-298
[13.]
M. Miravitlles, C. Espinosa, E. Fernández-Laso, et al.
Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD.
Chest, 116 (1999), pp. 40-46
[14.]
J. Eller, A. Ede, T. Schaberg, M.S. Niederman, H. Mauch, H. Lode.
Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 1542-1548
[15.]
E. Monsó, J. Ruiz, A. Rosell, et al.
Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152 (1995), pp. 1316-1320
[16.]
N. Soler, A. Torres, S. Ewig, et al.
Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 1498-1505
[17.]
X. Xu, L. Wang.
Association of indoor and outdoor particulate pollution level with chronic respiratory illness.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 148 (1993), pp. 1516-1522
[18.]
D.P. Tashkin, R. Detels, M. Simmons.
The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. XI. Impact of air pollution and smoking on annual change in forced expiratory volume in one second.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1994), pp. 1067-1083
[19.]
American Thoracic Society.
Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 1202-1218
[20.]
Barberá JA, Peces Barba G, Agustí AGN, et al. Guía clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica [en prensa]. Arch Bronconeumol
[21.]
D.S. Postma.
When can an exacerbation of COPD be treated at home?.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 1827-1828
[22.]
A. Chaouat, E. Weitzenblum, R. Kessler, et al.
A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 1002-1008
[23.]
A.F.J. Connors, N.V. Dawson, C. Thomas.
Outcomes following acute exacerbations of severe chronic obstructive lung disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 959-996
[24.]
M.S. Moya Mir, P. Laguna del Estal, R. Salgado Marqués, S. Calabrese Sánchez.
Infección respiratoria en observación de urgencias.
Emergencias, 9 (1997), pp. 98-102
[25.]
G.H. Murata, M.S. Gorby, T.W. Chick, A.K. Halperin.
Use of emergency medical services by patients with decompensated obstructive lung disease.
Ann Emerg Med, 18 (1989), pp. 501-506
[26.]
C.L. Emerman, D. Effron, T.W. Lukens.
Spirometric criteria for hospital admission of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.
Chest, 99 (1991), pp. 595-599
[27.]
R. Kessler, M. Faller, G. Fourgaut, B. Mennecier, E. Weitzenblum.
Predictive factors of hospitalization for acute exacerbation in a series of 64 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 158-164
[28.]
D.A. Mahler, R.A. Rosiello, A. Harver, T. Lentine, J.F. McGovern, J.A. Daubenspeck.
Comparison of clinical dysnea ratings and psychophysical measurementes of respiratory sensation in obstructive airways disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 165 (1987), pp. 1229-1233
[29.]
J.Y. Fagon, J. Chastre, J.L. Trouillet, et al.
Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 1004-1008
[30.]
H. Cabello, A. Torres, R. Celis, et al.
Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy subjects and chronic lung disease: a bronchoscopic study.
Eur Respir J, 10 (1997), pp. 1137-1144
[31.]
S. Ewig, N. Soler, A. Torres.
Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in patients with severe exacerbations of chronic pulmonary disease.
Clin Pulm Med, 6 (1999), pp. 1-8
[32.]
J.D. Heffelfinger, S.F. Dowell, J.H. Jorgensen, et al.
Management of community acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Therapeutic Working Group.
Arch Int Med, 160 (2000), pp. 1339-1408
[33.]
B. Rosón, J. Carratalá, R. Verdaguer, J. Dorca, F. Manresa, F. Gudiol.
Prospective study of the usefulness of Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 869-874
[34.]
S. Chodosh.
Bronchitis and asthma.
Infectious Disease, pp. 476-485
[35.]
G. Lindsay, H.J. Scorer, C.M. Carnegie.
Safety and efficacy of temafloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections: a randomized, double-blind trial.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 13 (1992), pp. 89-100
[36.]
P. Ball, J.M. Harris, D. Lowson, et al.
acute infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
Qjm, 88 (1995), pp. 61-68
[37.]
A. Anzueto, M.S. Niederman, G. Tillotson, et al.
Etiology, susceptibility and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations for complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d.
Clin Ther, 20 (1998), pp. 885-890
[38.]
A.C. DeAbate, D. Henry, G. Beusch, et al.
Sparfloxacin versus ofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, comparative study.
Chest, 114 (1998), pp. 120-130
[39.]
G. Panckuch, M.A. Visalli, M. Jacobs, P. Appelbaum.
Susceptibilities of penicillin-and erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to HMR 3647 (RU 66647), a new ketolide, compared with susceptibilities to 17 other agents.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42 (1998), pp. 624-630
[40.]
F. Baquero, J.A. García-Rodríguez, J. García de Lomas, L. Aguilar.
The Spanish Surveillance group: antimicrobial resistance of 1.113 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections in Spain: results of a 1 year (1996-1997) multicenter surveillance study.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 357-359
[41.]
A. McGowan, M. Wootton, A. Holt.
The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by combining antibiotic exposure and bacterial susceptibility.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 345-349
[42.]
K. Madaras-Kelly, B. Ostergaard, L.B. Houde, J. Rotschafer.
Twentyfour- hour area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio as a generic predictor of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial effect by using three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and an in vitro pharmacodynamic model.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40 (1996), pp. 627-632
[43.]
G. Bonfiglio.
Is levofloxacin as active as ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?.
Chemotherapy, 47 (2000), pp. 239-242
[44.]
S. Yagel, J. Barret, D. Amaratunga, M. Frosco.
In vivo oral efficacy of levofloxacin for treatment of systemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a murine model of septicemia.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40 (1996), pp. 2894-2897
[45.]
H. Ishida, Y. Ishida, Y. Kurosaka, T. Otani, K. Sato, H. Kobayashi.
In vitro and in vivo activities of levofloxacin against biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42 (1998), pp. 1651-1655
[46.]
E. Bouza, F. García-Garrote, E. Cercenado, M. Marín, M.S. Díaz.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a survey of resistance in 136 hospitals in Spain. The Spanish Pseudomonas aeruginosa Study Group.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 981-982
[47.]
J.R. May.
The bacteriology of chronic bronchitis.
Lancet, 351 (1953), pp. 534-537
[48.]
H.M. Pollock, E.L. Hawkins, J.R. Bonner, T. Sparkman, J.B.J. Bass.
Diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infections with quantitative protected catheter cultures obtained during bronchoscopy.
J Clin Microbiol, 17 (1983), pp. 255-259
[49.]
J.Y. Fagon, J. Chastre, J.L. Trouillet, et al.
Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 142 (1990), pp. 1004-1008
[50.]
R. Zalacaín, V. Achotegui, I. Pascal, J. Camino, J. Barron, V. Sobradillo.
El cepillado protegido bacteriológico en pacientes con EPOC severa.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 16-19
[51.]
T.F. Murphy.
Haemophilus influenzae in chronic bronchitis.
Semin Respir Infect, 15 (2000), pp. 41-51
[52.]
T.F. Murphy, S. Sethi.
Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 146 (1992), pp. 1067-1083
[53.]
D. Lehmann, K.J. Coakley, C.A. Coakley, et al.
Reduction in the incidence of acute bronchitis by an oral Haemophilus influenzae vaccine in patients with chronic bronchitis in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 324-430
[54.]
M.K. Tandon, V. Gebski.
A controlled trial of a killed Haemophilus influenzae vaccine for prevention of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
Aust N Z J Med, 21 (1991), pp. 427-432
[55.]
R. Clancy, A. Cripps, K. Murree-Allen, S. Yeung, M. Engel.
Oral immunization with killed Haemophilus influenzae for protection against acute bronchitis in chronic obstructive lung disease.
Lancet, ii (1985), pp. 1395-1397
[56.]
R.L. Clancy, A.W. Cripps, V. Gebski.
Protection against recurrent acute bronchitis after oral immunization with killed Haemophilus influenzae.
Med J Aust, 152 (1990), pp. 413-416
[57.]
A.R. Foxwell, A.W. Cripps.
Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination against acute bronchitis.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2000), pp. CD001958
[58.]
M.B. Nelson, T.F. Murphy, H. van Keulen, D. Rekosh, M.A. Apicella.
Studies on P6, an important outer-membrane protein antigen of Haemophilus influenzae.
Rev Infect Dis, 10 (1988), pp. S331-S336
[59.]
J.M. Kyd, M.L. Dunkley, A.W. Cripps.
Enhanced respiratory clearance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae following mucosal immunization with P6 in a rat model.
Infect Immun, 63 (1995), pp. 2931-2940
[60.]
Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
Mmwr, 46 (1997), pp. 1-24
[61.]
Pneumococcal vaccines.
WHO position paper.
Wkly Epidemiol Rec, 74 (1999), pp. 177-183
[62.]
A. Bacle, P. Diot, E. Lemarie.
Vaccin anti-pneumococcique: justifications et resultats.
Rev Pneumol Clin, 53 (1997), pp. 128-137
[63.]
D.W. Gump, C.A. Phillips, B.R. Forsyth, K. McIntosh, K.R. Lamborn, W.H. Stouch.
Role of infection in chronic bronchitis.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 113 (1976), pp. 465-474
[64.]
R.O. Buscho, D. Saxtan, P.S. Shultz, E. Finch, M.A. Mufson.
Infections with viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
J Infect Dis, 137 (1978), pp. 377-383
[65.]
C.B. Smith, C.A. Golden, R.E. Kanner, A.D.J. Renzetti.
Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 121 (1980), pp. 225-232
[66.]
N. Soler, A. Torres, S. Ewig, et al.
Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 1498-1505
[67.]
P.J. Poole, E. Chacko, R.W.B. Wood-Baker, C.J. Cates.
Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Cochrane review), vol. 1. Cochrane Library,
[68.]
A.H. Ahmed, K.G. Nicholson, J.S. Nguyen-van Tam, J.C. Pearson.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions during the 1989-90 epidemic.
Epidemiol Infect, 118 (1997), pp. 27-33
[69.]
P. Gross, T. Barret, E. Dellinger, et al.
Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases.
Clin Infect Dis, 18 (1994), pp. 421
Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?