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Vol. 46. Issue 4.
Pages 196-202 (April 2010)
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Vol. 46. Issue 4.
Pages 196-202 (April 2010)
Special Article
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Tracheobronchomalacia
Traqueobroncomalacia
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Adnan Majida,
Corresponding author
amajid@bidmc.harvard.edu

Corresponding author.
, Liliana Fernándezb, Sebastián Fernández-Bussyc, Felix Herthd, Armin Ernsta
a Division of Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States
b División de Neumología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
c Division of Interventional Pulmonology, Shands at University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
d Pulmonology Division, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract

Tracheobronchomalacia is a central airway disease characterised by weakness of the wall and dynamic decrease in the tracheal lumen and the large bronchi, particularly while exhaling. It is more common in middle age and the elderly with previous exposure to cigarettes. It causes chronic symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, increase in recurrent infections, and poor secretion management, but it can also progress to chronic respiratory failure and death. It is usually confused with other common diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Its causes can be congenital or acquired and its diagnosis involves the dynamic assessment of the airway with tomography and fibrobronchoscopy. It is classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on the degree of collapse of the airway when exhaling. Management consists of a primary phase, in which concomitant diseases must be controlled, such as COPD, asthma or gastro-oesophageal reflux. In diffuse moderate to severe symptomatic tracheobronchomalacia tracheobronchoplasty must be considered with strengthening of the posterior wall. Silicone and “Y” stents can be used to identify patients who could potentially benefit from surgical treatment as well as being used for the definitive symptomatic treatment with high surgical risk. More prospective studies need to be done in order to standardise certain common criteria for the management of this usually under-diagnosed disease.

Keywords:
Bronchoscopy
Tracheobronchomalacia
Stents
Tracheobronchoplasty
Tracheomalacia
Dynamic airway collapse
Resumen

La traqueobroncomalacia es una enfermedad de la vía aérea central que se caracteriza por debilidad de la pared y disminución dinámica de la luz de la tráquea y los grandes bronquios, especialmente durante la espiración. Es más frecuente en individuos de edad media y ancianos con exposición previa a cigarrillo. Genera síntomas crónicos, como tos, disnea, aumento de las infecciones recurrentes y mal tratamiento de las secreciones, pero también puede evolucionar hasta falla respiratoria crónica y muerte. Usualmente se confunde con otras enfermedades comunes, como enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) o asma. Sus causas pueden ser congénitas o adquiridas y su diagnóstico involucra la evaluación dinámica de la vía aérea con tomografía y fibrobroncoscopia, y se clasifica en leve, moderada o grave, según el grado de colapso espiratorio de la vía aérea. El tratamiento contempla una primera fase, en la que se deben controlar las enfermedades concomitantes, como EPOC, asma o reflujo gastroesofágico. En la traqueobroncomalacia sintomática difusa moderada a grave se debe considerar la traqueobroncoplastia con reforzamiento de la pared posterior. Se pueden utilizar stents de silicona en Y para la identificación de pacientes que potencialmente se beneficiarían del tratamiento quirúrgico como también se pueden utilizar para tratamiento sintomático definitivo en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico alto. Se necesita un mayor número de estudios prospectivos para poder unificar criterios comunes para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, usualmente subdiagnosticada.

Palabras clave:
Broncoscopio
Traquebroncomalacia
Stents
Traquebroncoplastia
Traqueomalacia
Colapso dinámico de la vía aérea
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