Journal Information
Vol. 53. Issue 9.
Pages 525-527 (September 2017)
Vol. 53. Issue 9.
Pages 525-527 (September 2017)
Scientific Letter
Full text access
Association Between Forest Fires, Environmental Temperature and Cardiorespiratory Admissions From 2005 to 2014
Asociación entre incendios forestales, temperatura ambiental e ingresos cardiorrespiratorios entre 2005 y 2014
Visits
4335
Ignasi Garcia-Olivéa,b,c,d,
Corresponding author
ignasi.g.olive@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Joaquim Raduae,f,g, Raymond Salvadore,f, Alicia Marina,c,d
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
b Dirección de Organización y Sistemas de Información, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
c CibeRes-Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola (Mallorca), Spain
d Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
e Departamento de Estadística, FIDMAG Research Unit, Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
f CiberSam - Ciber de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
g Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Estocolmo, Sweden
This item has received
Article information
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Tables (1)
Table 1. Association Between Hospitalizations and Environmental Factors.
Full Text
To the Editor,

Forest fires seriously affect not only the environment and the economy, but also our health.1 Emissions from forest fires have been associated with a general increase in morbidity and mortality.2–8

Our aim was to analyze the possible effect of forest fires on admissions for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in Catalonia (Spain).

Figures on the area burned each month during the years of the study were provided by the Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, Food and Environment of the Government of Catalonia. Data provided for each region and month were pooled to compute the total area of forest burned in each healthcare area.

Data on hospital admissions were provided by the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia, using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) diagnostic coding at discharge. For each health region, we obtained the total number of monthly hospital admissions and the number of admissions for heart failure (codes 428.0, 428.1, 428.20, 428.21, 428.22 and 428.23), acute myocardial infarction (410.01, 410.11, 410.21, 410.31, 410.41, 410.51, 410.61, 410.71, 410.81 and 410.91), chronic bronchitis (491.21 and 491.22), and asthma (493.02, 493.12, 493.21, 493.22, 493.81 and 493.82).

Mean monthly temperature and monthly average wind speed during the study period were obtained from the Catalan meteorological agency station located nearest the capital city of each region (http://www.meteo.cat, consulted 13 February 2016). The mean of the different temperatures in each of the subregions that constitute a healthcare region was calculated.

The relationship between hospital admissions and ambient temperature, relative humidity and the forest area burned was analyzed using quasi-Poisson regressions. The 3 risk factors were initially evaluated separately, and those which reached statistical significance were subsequently entered in a simple multiple regression.

The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital.

Results are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. An increase in all-cause hospital admissions when temperatures dropped and relative humidity increased was observed in the simple regression procedure. In the multiple regression, only temperature maintained statistical significance (P<.001). In the case of acute myocardial infarction, the number of hospital admissions was significantly associated with low temperature (P<.001). The number of admissions for heart failure was associated in the multiple regression with low temperature (P<.001) and with relative humidity (P<.001). All variables in the simple regression were significantly associated with the number of admissions for chronic bronchitis, including the percentage of burned forest surface area (P=.023). However, in the multiple regression, only low temperature (P<.001) and relative humidity (P=.004) remained statistically significant. Burned surface area was significantly associated with the number of hospitalizations for asthma when analyzed separately (P=.009). In the multiple regression, only low temperature was significantly associated with the number of hospital admissions (P<.001). No differences were found when the data were analyzed using information from whole years or only from the months with more fires.

Table 1.

Association Between Hospitalizations and Environmental Factors.

Admissions for Any Cause
  Simple RegressionMultiple Regression
  exp(βP  exp(βP 
Burnt surface area (%)  0.912  .226  –  – 
Mean temperature (°C)  0.990  <.001  0.990  <.001 
Relative humidity (%)  1.003  <.001  0.999  .190 
Acute Myocardial Infarction
  Simple RegressionMultiple Regression
  exp(βP  exp(βP 
Burnt surface area (%)  0.862  .150  –  – 
Mean temperature (°C)  0.987  <.001  0.987  <.001 
Relative humidity (%)  1.004  <.001  0.999  .255 
Heart Failure
  Simple RegressionMultiple Regression
  exp(βP  exp(βP 
Burnt surface area (%)  0.740  .100  –  – 
Mean temperature (°C)  0.974  <.001  0.973  <.001 
Relative humidity (%)  1.006  <.001  0.995  <.001 
Chronic Bronchitis
  Simple RegressionMultiple Regression
  exp(βP  exp(βP 
Burnt surface area (%)  0.270  .023  0.686  .281 
Mean temperature (°C)  0.956  <.001  0.955  <.001 
Relative humidity (%)  1.011  .001  0.992  .004 
Bronchial Asthma
  Simple RegressionMultiple Regression
  exp(βP  exp(βP 
Burnt surface area (%)  0.145  .009  0.779  .487 
Mean temperature (°C)  0.947  <.001  0.948  <.001 
Relative humidity (%)  1.022  <.001  1.001  .826 
Fig. 1.

Relationship between hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory causes and the area burned, ambient temperature and relative humidity, by study month.

(0.08MB).

Our study reveals a significant association between a drop in ambient temperature and an increase in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, and bronchial asthma. However, we were unable to detect a significant association between the burned forest area and hospital admissions for these diseases.

The relationship between fires and respiratory disease exacerbations has been described previously. In 1987, Duclos et al. reported an increase in the number of emergency visits for asthma and COPD.2 Subsequently, Mott et al. found an increase in the rate of urgent consultations for respiratory disease during a forest fire in California, compared to data from the previous year.3 Exposure to environmental smoke has been associated with the appearance of both respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms.4 Caamano-Isorna et al. reported an increase in the need for medication for obstructive respiratory disease in men living in areas affected by a wave of forest fires in Galicia (Spain).6 Emmanuel7 reported an increase in PM10 levels associated with an increase in upper airway diseases, asthma, and rhinitis, with no evidence of an increase in hospital admissions or mortality. Haikerwal et al.8 described an increased risk of attending the emergency department due to asthma during a period of fires associated with increased concentrations of PM2.5 particulates.

In our study, we found a negative relationship between ambient temperature and the different diseases, an association that has been described previously. In the case of COPD, a fall in temperature is associated with a decline in lung function9 and an increase in the frequency of exacerbations.9–12 With regard to bronchial asthma, an increase in hospitalizations coinciding with an increase in temperature in the hottest months of the year and a decrease during the cold season have been described.13,14 An increase in respiratory symptoms, particularly among asthma patients with poorer control, has also been reported.15

This study highlights the association between a fall in ambient temperature and admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory disease; however, we were unable to relate the extent of burnt forest with hospitalizations. The main strengths of this work lie primarily in the long study period analyzed. Secondly, the data were retrieved from all hospitals in the public network of an autonomous community.

Our study has several limitations. With regard to exposure, we were unable to factor in changes in the concentrations of the different pollutants or their duration. This would have provided information on the intensity of such exposure and contributed to a better evaluation of the possible adverse effects of forest fires on people's health. We were also unable to determine levels of exposure as a function of the distance between the area of residence and the source of the fire, and we have analyzed all the inhabitants of the region on an equal basis. Another possible limitation is the fact that we analyzed the effect (i.e., hospitalizations) on the basis of the diagnostic code at discharge (ICD-9), which is a potentially unreliable method.

References
[1]
R. Rittmaster, W.L. Adamowicz, B. Amiro, R. Pelletier.
Economic analysis of health effects from forest fires.
Can J For Res, (2006), pp. 868-877
[2]
P. Duclos, L.M. Sanderson.
The 1987 forest fire disaster in California: assessment of emergency room visits.
Arch Environ Health, 45 (1990), pp. 53-58
[3]
J.A. Mott, P. Meyer, D. Mannino, S.C. Redd.
Wildland forest fire smoke: health effects and intervention evaluation, Hoopa, California, 1999.
West J Med, 176 (2002), pp. 157-162
[4]
A. Kolbe, K.L. Gilchrist.
An extreme bushfire smoke pollution event: health impacts and public health challenges.
N S W Public Health Bull, 20 (2009), pp. 19-23
[5]
M. Lipsett, K. Waller, D. Shusterman, S. Thollaug, W. Brunner.
The respiratory health impact of a large urban fire.
Am J Public Health, 84 (1994), pp. 434-438
[6]
F. Caamano-Isorna, A. Figueiras, I. Sastre, A. Montes-Martinez, M. Taracido, M. Piñeiro-Lamas.
Respiratory and mental health effects of wildfires: an ecological study in Galician municipalities (north-west Spain).
Environ Health, 10 (2011), pp. 48
[7]
S.C. Emmanuel.
Impact to lung health of haze from forest fires: the Singapore experience.
Respirology, 5 (2000), pp. 175-182
[8]
A. Haikerwal, M. Akram, M.R. Sim, M. Meyer, M.J. Abramson, M. Dennekamp.
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure during a prolonged wildfire period and emergency department visits for asthma.
Respirology, 21 (2016), pp. 88-94
[9]
G.C. Donaldson, T. Seemungal, D.J. Jeffries, J.A. Wedzicha.
Effect of temperature on lung function and symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Eur Respir J, 13 (1999), pp. 844-849
[10]
C.M. Tseng, Y.T. Chen, S.M. Ou, Y.H. Hsiao, S.Y. Li, S.J. Wang, et al.
The effect of cold temperature on increased exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide study.
[11]
P. Almagro, C. Hernandez, P. Martinez-Cambor, R. Tresserras, J. Escarrabill.
Seasonality ambient temperatures and hospitalizations for acute exacerbation of COPD: a population-based study in a metropolitan area.
Int J Chronic Obstr Pulmon Dis, 10 (2015), pp. 899-908
[12]
N.N. Hansel, M.C. McCormack, V. Kim.
The effects of air pollution and temperature on COPD.
[13]
H.C. Lam, A.M. Li, E.Y. Chan, W.B. Goggins 3rd.
The short-term association between asthma hospitalisations, ambient temperature, other meteorological factors and air pollutants in Hong Kong: a time-series study.
pii:thoraxjnl-2015-208054 [Epub ahead of print]
[14]
M.B. Lage Ferrón, J. Díaz Jiménez, J.J. Gestal Otero, M.S. Pajares Ortiz, J.C. Alberdi Odriozola.
Influencia de los factores ambientales en el número de ingresos por urgencias en el complejo hospitalario Juan Canalejo de A Coruña: elaboración de un modelo de predicción.
Res Esp Salud Pública, 73 (1999), pp. 45-60
[15]
H. Hyrkäs, T.M. Ikäheimo, J.J. Jaakkola, M.S. Jaakkola.
Asthma control and cold weather-related respiratory symptoms.
Respir Med, 113 (2016), pp. 1-7

Please cite this article as: Garcia-Olivé I, Radua J, Salvador R, Marin A. Asociación entre incendios forestales, temperatura ambiental e ingresos cardiorrespiratorios entre 2005 y 2014. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53:525–527.

Copyright © 2017. SEPAR
Archivos de Bronconeumología
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?