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que est&#225; codificada por un gen localizado en el cromosoma 7p12&#46; Es uno de los 4 miembros de la familia de receptores TK HER <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;human epidermal receptor&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El EGFR juega un considerable papel en la carcinog&#233;nesis y su sobreexpresi&#243;n ha sido relacionada con enfermedad avanzada y peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Las mutaciones que afectan al dominio TK solo se han descrito en el CPNM&#44; y las m&#225;s frecuentes se encuentran en el ex&#243;n 19 y en el ex&#243;n 21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Estas mutaciones se determinan en tejido tumoral introducido en parafina y est&#225;n especialmente asociadas con el subtipo adenocarcinoma&#44; sobre todo los bronquioloalveolares&#44; y con las mujeres de origen oriental y no fumadoras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; Los pacientes con estas mutaciones tienen alta probabilidad de responder a las terapias anti-EGFR<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Actualmente&#44; los f&#225;rmacos de este grupo con los que se tiene m&#225;s experiencia son el erlotinib y el gefitinib&#59; ambos inhiben de forma reversible la actividad catal&#237;tica del receptor&#44; interrumpen la transducci&#243;n de la se&#241;al de crecimiento y producen un efecto antitumoral&#46; Son los que m&#225;s estrechamente se han asociado con la respuesta parcial o mejor&#237;a cl&#237;nica de los pacientes con mutaciones en el gen EGFR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shepherd et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> demostraron que el erlotinib&#44; como agente &#250;nico&#44; prolongaba la supervivencia en pacientes con CPNM despu&#233;s de quimioterapia &#40;QT&#41; de primera o segunda l&#237;nea &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; La supervivencia al a&#241;o mejor&#243; del 21 al 31&#37;&#44; sobre todo en los pacientes que nunca hab&#237;an fumado&#46; Este es el primer estudio que confirm&#243; que un anti-EGFR prolonga la supervivencia despu&#233;s de QT de primera o segunda l&#237;nea&#44; y su uso cl&#237;nico fue aprobado en Estados Unidos en 2004&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en el estudio IRESSA Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer &#40;ISEL&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; el gefitinib en pacientes con CPNM avanzado no mejor&#243; la supervivencia frente a placebo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08&#41;&#44; aunque&#44; en el grupo de tratamiento&#44; esta fue significativamente m&#225;s larga en los nunca fumadores y en la poblaci&#243;n asi&#225;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un estudio prospectivo del Spanish Lung Cancer Group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; que incluy&#243; 2&#46;105 pacientes&#44; la mutaci&#243;n EGFR estaba presente en el 16&#44;6&#37;&#44; recibiendo 217 pacientes tratamiento con erlotinib&#44; que en 113 de ellos fue la primera l&#237;nea de tratamiento&#46; En estos pacientes el tiempo medio de supervivencia fue de 14 meses y la mediana de supervivencia global&#44; de 27 meses&#46; Este estudio de cohortes demostr&#243;&#44; que el cribado a gran escala de pacientes para mutaciones EGFR y el tratamiento con anti- EGFR era factible&#46; Los resultados de estos trabajos tambi&#233;n apoyan el concepto de que&#44; en un subgrupo de pacientes particular&#44; el tratamiento de primera l&#237;nea con f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR puede ser la opci&#243;n m&#225;s efectiva&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En otro estudio reciente&#44; el Iressa Pan-Asia Study &#40;IPASS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; se compar&#243; gefitinib en primera l&#237;nea versus carboplatino&#47;paclitaxel en 1&#46;217 pacientes con CPNM avanzado&#44; y los pacientes elegibles fueron no fumadores o ligeramente ex fumadores&#44; con histolog&#237;a de adenocarcinoma&#46; La frecuencia de mutaciones EGFR fue del 59&#44;7&#37;&#46; El an&#225;lisis demostr&#243; que los pacientes con mutaciones EGFR ten&#237;an un tiempo medio superior de supervivencia en la rama de gefitinib comparada con la rama de QT est&#225;ndar &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;48&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Esto argumenta a favor de que el test mutacional debe ser una pr&#225;ctica de obligada realizaci&#243;n al diagn&#243;stico del CPNM&#44; al menos para los pacientes con adenocarcinoma&#44; nunca fumadores o escasamente fumadores&#46; Esos pacientes deber&#237;an ser tratados con f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR si sus tumores expresan la mutaci&#243;n&#44; dado el beneficio demostrado&#46; De todas formas&#44; es importante observar que el estudio IPASS se realiz&#243; en Asia&#44; y que las mutaciones EGFR se dan con menor frecuencia en poblaciones caucasianas &#40;40 y 10&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se resumen los resultados de los principales estudios en fase III con erlotinib y gefitinib<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;28</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; un metaan&#225;lisis de 4 estudios en fase III que comparan gefitinib con QT est&#225;ndar concluye que no hay diferencias en la supervivencia media entre los 2 grupos&#44; pero en el grupo de pacientes tratados con gefitinib se observan menos efectos secundarios y una mejor calidad de vida que en los que reciben QT est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro medio&#44; la mutaci&#243;n del gen del EGFR se observa en aproximadamente el 15&#37; de los CPNM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46; Alrededor del 75&#37; de los casos con esta mutaci&#243;n responden al tratamiento con erlotinib&#47;gefitinib&#44; mientras que entre los no mutados solo responde el 10&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; casi todos los pacientes inicialmente respondedores acaban desarrollando progresi&#243;n de la enfermedad&#46; Las causas de esta resistencia adquirida a los f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR no son del todo conocidas&#44; pero parecen implicados diferentes mecanismos&#44; como mutaciones secundarias del EGFR o amplificaci&#243;n del oncog&#233;n MET<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inhibidores del VEGF</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El gen VEGF est&#225; localizado en el cromosoma 6p21&#46;3 y es un mediador clave en la angiog&#233;nesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; ya que es el m&#225;s potente factor angiog&#233;nico conocido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Un aumento de la expresi&#243;n VEGF en el tumor o en el suero se ha asociado con tumores en estadio avanzado&#44; y sus niveles son significativamente m&#225;s altos en el adenocarcinoma que en el carcinoma escamoso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; La familia VEGF est&#225; formada por distintas prote&#237;nas&#44; llamadas VEGF-A&#44; VEGF-B&#44; VEGF-C&#44; VEGF-D y PIGF <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;placental growth factor&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los efectos de los VEGF se incluyen&#58; aumento de la mitosis de las c&#233;lulas endoteliales&#44; control de la permeabilidad vascular y aumento de la supervivencia del endotelio vascular&#44; entre otros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Los VEGF realizan estas funciones mediante la uni&#243;n a sus receptores &#40;VEGFR&#41;&#44; que se encuentran en las c&#233;lulas endoteliales&#46; Hay 3 tipos de receptores&#58; VEGFR-1&#44; VEGFR-2 y VEGFR-3&#44; todos ellos con actividad TK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carrillo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> investigaron los VEGF y sus receptores en pacientes con CPNM y su correlaci&#243;n con el pron&#243;stico&#46; Los pacientes con moderada&#47;alta expresi&#243;n VEGF-C&#44; VEGFR-1 y VEGFR-2 ten&#237;an peor supervivencia&#44; mientras que en los pacientes con moderada&#47;alta expresi&#243;n de VEGF-D y VEGFR-3 la supervivencia era mejor&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariado&#44; el estadio y la expresi&#243;n VEGF-D y VEGFR-1 fueron factores significativos de pron&#243;stico independientes&#46; Por otra parte&#44; un metaan&#225;lisis de 20 estudios&#44; llevado a cabo por Delmotte et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#44; puso de manifiesto que la expresi&#243;n VEGF-A era un factor de pron&#243;stico desfavorable en pacientes con CPNM&#46; Los resultados de estos estudios sugieren que los perfiles de expresi&#243;n de los VEGF y de los VEGFR pueden tener valor pron&#243;stico en el CPNM y pueden ayudar a identificar pacientes que&#44; potencialmente&#44; puedan ser buenos respondedores a las terapias antiangiog&#233;nicas&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La importancia del VEGF hace que sea una diana atractiva para el desarrollo de nuevas terapias dirigidas&#46; El bevacizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado que act&#250;a mediante la uni&#243;n y neutralizaci&#243;n de todas las isoformas VEGF-A&#46; La eficacia y la seguridad del bevacizumab han sido evaluadas en 3 estudios en fase III<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;40&#44;41</span></a>&#44; cuyas caracter&#237;sticas generales pueden consultarse en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; En resumen&#44; se comprob&#243; que el tratamiento con bevacizumab aportaba un mayor tiempo medio de supervivencia y una tendencia al incremento de la misma&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se observ&#243; un aumento del riesgo de sangrado&#44; sobre todo en tumores localizados centralmente&#44; pr&#243;ximos a grandes vasos y con histolog&#237;a de carcinoma escamoso&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La inhibici&#243;n dual de EGFR y VEGF est&#225; en investigaci&#243;n en la actualidad&#46; Existen 2 estrategias&#58; la primera es combinar 2 agentes con v&#237;as espec&#237;ficas anti-diana como erlotinib y bevacizumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#44; y la otra es el uso de un agente con actividad dual como vandetanib&#44; una peque&#241;a mol&#233;cula con actividad contra VEGFR-2&#44; -3&#44; y anti-EGFR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Recientemente se han publicado los resultados de un ensayo cl&#237;nico que incluy&#243; 1&#46;240 pacientes con CPNM en estadios IIIB y IV que ya hab&#237;an recibido al menos una primera l&#237;nea de QT&#59; los pacientes fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos de tratamiento&#58; uno recibi&#243; vandetanib y el otro erlotinib&#44; y no se observaron diferencias de supervivencia entre los dos grupos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;83&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inhibidores del ALK</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un subgrupo de pacientes con CPNM&#44; sus tumores presentan una mutaci&#243;n gen&#233;tica que consiste en la ruptura en los genes EML4 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;echinoderm microtubule-associated proteine-like4&#41;</span> y ALK <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;anaplasic lympoma kinasa&#41;</span>&#44; y posteriormente la fusi&#243;n de los dos genes en direcci&#243;n opuesta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; El resultado final es el oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK&#44; el cual inhibe la apoptosis y favorece la proliferaci&#243;n tumoral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Este oncog&#233;n est&#225; presente en un porcentaje relativamente bajo de pacientes con CPNM &#40;alrededor del 5&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#8211;48</span></a>&#46; Se ha comprobado que es m&#225;s frecuente en pacientes j&#243;venes&#44; no fumadores&#44; o fumadores con un consumo acumulado de tabaco bajo&#44; y de la estirpe adenocarcinoma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; En este tipo de poblaci&#243;n&#44; la frecuencia del EML4-ALK puede llegar hasta el 13&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En agosto de 2011 se aprob&#243; la comercializaci&#243;n de un nuevo f&#225;rmaco para el tratamiento del CPNM en estadio avanzado&#44; el crizotinib&#44; que inhibe el EML4-ALK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46; Su eficacia se demostr&#243; en 2 estudios multic&#233;ntricos con la dosis de 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 2 veces al d&#237;a por v&#237;a oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; En total&#44; en esos 2 estudios se incluyeron 255 pacientes cuyos tumores conten&#237;an el oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK&#44; el 95&#37; de ellos con enfermedad metast&#225;sica&#46; Se comprob&#243; que el tratamiento con crizotinib produc&#237;a una respuesta completa o parcial en el 55&#37; de los pacientes&#44; y la mediana de duraci&#243;n de la respuesta estuvo entre 42 y 48 semanas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento con este f&#225;rmaco fue bien tolerado&#44; y los efectos adversos m&#225;s frecuentes fueron alteraciones visuales&#44; molestias gastrointestinales y alteraciones en el perfil hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actualmente est&#225;n en marcha 2 estudios en fase III sobre el papel del crizotinib en el tratamiento del CPNM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; Sus caracter&#237;sticas pueden observarse en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Se ha descrito resistencia al tratamiento con crizotinib despu&#233;s de una buena respuesta inicial&#44; lo cual se ha relacionado con mutaciones dentro del dominio TK del ALK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la actualidad se encuentran en investigaci&#243;n otras mol&#233;culas para el tratamiento del CP avanzado o recurrente&#46; Un ejemplo es la amrubicina&#44; un f&#225;rmaco que ejerce su efecto antitumoral mediante la inhibici&#243;n de la topoisomerasa II<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; Recientemente se ha publicado un estudio en fase I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> en el que se administr&#243; este f&#225;rmaco a pacientes con CPNM y microc&#237;tico&#44; observ&#225;ndose un &#237;ndice de respuesta del 15&#44;4&#37;&#46; As&#237; que&#44; en los pr&#243;ximos a&#241;os&#44; seguiremos asistiendo al avance en el tratamiento m&#233;dico del CP en estadios no quir&#250;rgicos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR&#44; los inhibidores del VEGF y del EML4-ALK mejoran la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en ciertos grupos de pacientes con CPNM avanzado o recurrente&#44; con mejor tolerancia y calidad de vida&#44; y menos efectos secundarios que la QT convencional&#46; Por tanto&#44; el estudio molecular del tejido tumoral es necesario para optimizar el manejo del CP y conseguir futuras mejoras de su pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        4 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Inhibidores del EGFR"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Inhibidores del VEGF"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Inhibidores del ALK"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-06"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-03-07"
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          "palabras" => array:8 [
            0 => "C&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n"
            1 => "Receptor del factor de crecimiento epid&#233;rmico"
            2 => "Factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular"
            3 => "Cinasa del linfoma anapl&#225;sico"
            4 => "Erlotinib"
            5 => "Gefitinib"
            6 => "Bevacizumab"
            7 => "Crizotinib"
          ]
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      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155916"
          "palabras" => array:8 [
            0 => "Lung cancer"
            1 => "Epidermal growth factor receptor"
            2 => "Vascular endothelial growth factor"
            3 => "Anaplastic lymphoma kinase"
            4 => "Erlotinib"
            5 => "Gefitinib"
            6 => "Bevacizumab"
            7 => "Crizotinib"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;CP&#41; es un grave problema sanitario debido a su elevada incidencia y mortalidad&#46; La cirug&#237;a es la m&#225;s eficaz de las estrategias terap&#233;uticas en este tipo de tumor&#44; pero en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se est&#225;n investigando nuevos f&#225;rmacos contra componentes diana espec&#237;ficos de las c&#233;lulas tumorales&#44; que mejoran la supervivencia en pacientes con enfermedad avanzada y recurrencias&#46; Presentamos una revisi&#243;n de los tratamientos individualizados en el CP&#44; en particular las terapias inhibidoras del receptor de crecimiento epid&#233;rmico &#40;EGFR&#41;&#44; del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular &#40;VEGF&#41; y de la cinasa del linfoma anapl&#225;sico &#40;ALK&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lung cancer &#40;LC&#41; is a serious health problem due to its high incidence and mortality&#46; Surgery is the most effective therapeutic strategy in this type of tumor&#44; but in recent years new drugs are being investigated that target specific components of the tumor cells&#44; improving survival in patients with advanced disease and relapse&#46; We present a review of individualized treatments in LC&#44; particularly therapies that inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor &#40;EGFR&#41;&#44; vascular endothelial growth factor &#40;VEGF&#41; and anaplastic lymphoma kinase &#40;ALK&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CPNM&#58; c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n no microc&#237;tico&#59; SLP&#58; supervivencia libre de progresi&#243;n&#59; HR&#58; hazard ratio&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n diana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objetivos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IPASS trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Adenocarcinoma estadio avanzado y fumadores de menos de 10 paq&#47;a&#241;oN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;217 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gefitinib vs&#46; carboplatino&#43; paclitaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mayor en el grupo de gefitinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;48&#41; en los pacientes con mutaci&#243;n positiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WJTOG3405<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IIIB&#47;IV o recurrencias despu&#233;s de cirug&#237;aN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>172 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gefitinib vs&#46; cisplatino&#43; docetaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mayor en el grupo de gefitinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">North-East Japan Study Group trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IV&#44; mutaci&#243;n EGFR positivaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>230 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gefitinib vs&#46; carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>paclitaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mayor en el grupo de gefitinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optimal trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IIIB&#47;IV&#44; mutaci&#243;n EGFR positivaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>165 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre erlotinib vs&#46; gemcitabina&#43; carboplatino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP mayor en el grupo de erlotinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EURTAC trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IIIB&#47;IV&#44; mutaci&#243;n EGFR positivaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>174 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre erlotinib vs&#46; quimioterapia con platino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP mayor en el grupo de erlotinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab263498.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principales estudios en fase III con f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CPNM&#58; c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n no microc&#237;tico&#59; SLP&#58; supervivencia libre de progression&#59; HR&#58; hazard ratio&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n diana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objetivos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E4599<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM &#40;no escamoso&#41; estadio IIIB o IV&#44; ECOG 0 o 1N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>878 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar paclitaxel<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino vs&#46; paclitaxel<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mejor &#237;ndice de respuesta&#44; supervivencia media en el grupo de bevacizumab &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;79&#41; y SLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AVAiL trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM &#40;no escamoso&#41; estadio IIIB o IV&#44; ECOG 0 o 1N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;043 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gemcitabine<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cisplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab a dosis bajas &#40;7&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; vs&#46; bevacizumab a dosis altas &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; vs&#46; placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mejor en los grupos de bevacizumab &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;75 y 0&#44;82&#41;&#46;Mejor &#237;ndice de respuesta en los grupos de bevacizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PointBreak trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM &#40;no escamosos&#41; IIIB o IVN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>900 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar &#237;ndice de respuesta&#44; supervivencia media y SLP entre pemetrexed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab seguido de pemetrexed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab vs&#46; paclitaxel<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab seguido de bevacizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No publicados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab263500.png"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios en fase III con bevacizumab</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n diana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objetivos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCT00932893<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK positivo&#44; CPNM estadio IV que hayan recibido un esquema de quimioterapia previo con platinoN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>318 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar crizotinib con pemetrexed o docetaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCT01154140<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK positivo&#44; CPNM enfermedad avanzada o metast&#225;sicaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>334 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar crizotinib con pemetrexed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>platino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab263499.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios en fase III en marcha con crizotinib</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:54 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Supervivencia global a largo plazo en el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; An&#225;lisis de una serie de 610 pacientes no seleccionados"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; S&#225;nchez de Cos"
                            1 => "C&#46; Disdier"
                            2 => "J&#46; Corral"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Riesco"
                            4 => "M&#46;A&#46; Sojo"
                            5 => "J&#46;F&#46; Masa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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Revisión
Terapias dirigidas en el cáncer de pulmón: ¿una nueva esperanza?
Directed Therapies in Lung Cancer: New Hope?
Isaura Parente Lamelasa,
Corresponding author
parentelamelas@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, José Abal Arcaa, José Luis Fírvida Pérezb
a Servicio de Neumología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, España
b Servicio de Oncología Médica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, España
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implicado en el proceso de angiog&#233;nesis tumoral&#46; Altos niveles en el tumor o en el suero se han relacionado con estadios avanzados y peor supervivencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; El bevacizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado que act&#250;a mediante la uni&#243;n y la neutralizaci&#243;n del VEGF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recientemente se ha aprobado el uso de un nuevo f&#225;rmaco en el CPNM&#44; el crizotinib&#44; un inhibidor de la cinasa del linfoma anapl&#225;sico &#40;ALK&#41;&#44; un oncog&#233;n que es positivo en alrededor del 5 al 13&#37; de los pacientes con CPNM&#44; y su inhibici&#243;n tiene un impacto beneficioso en la supervivencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este art&#237;culo haremos una revisi&#243;n de la evidencia cient&#237;fica actual sobre estos tratamientos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inhibidores del EGFR</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El EGFR es una glucoprote&#237;na transmembrana con actividad tirosina cinasa &#40;TK&#41; que est&#225; codificada por un gen localizado en el cromosoma 7p12&#46; Es uno de los 4 miembros de la familia de receptores TK HER <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;human epidermal receptor&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El EGFR juega un considerable papel en la carcinog&#233;nesis y su sobreexpresi&#243;n ha sido relacionada con enfermedad avanzada y peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Las mutaciones que afectan al dominio TK solo se han descrito en el CPNM&#44; y las m&#225;s frecuentes se encuentran en el ex&#243;n 19 y en el ex&#243;n 21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Estas mutaciones se determinan en tejido tumoral introducido en parafina y est&#225;n especialmente asociadas con el subtipo adenocarcinoma&#44; sobre todo los bronquioloalveolares&#44; y con las mujeres de origen oriental y no fumadoras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; Los pacientes con estas mutaciones tienen alta probabilidad de responder a las terapias anti-EGFR<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Actualmente&#44; los f&#225;rmacos de este grupo con los que se tiene m&#225;s experiencia son el erlotinib y el gefitinib&#59; ambos inhiben de forma reversible la actividad catal&#237;tica del receptor&#44; interrumpen la transducci&#243;n de la se&#241;al de crecimiento y producen un efecto antitumoral&#46; Son los que m&#225;s estrechamente se han asociado con la respuesta parcial o mejor&#237;a cl&#237;nica de los pacientes con mutaciones en el gen EGFR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shepherd et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> demostraron que el erlotinib&#44; como agente &#250;nico&#44; prolongaba la supervivencia en pacientes con CPNM despu&#233;s de quimioterapia &#40;QT&#41; de primera o segunda l&#237;nea &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; La supervivencia al a&#241;o mejor&#243; del 21 al 31&#37;&#44; sobre todo en los pacientes que nunca hab&#237;an fumado&#46; Este es el primer estudio que confirm&#243; que un anti-EGFR prolonga la supervivencia despu&#233;s de QT de primera o segunda l&#237;nea&#44; y su uso cl&#237;nico fue aprobado en Estados Unidos en 2004&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en el estudio IRESSA Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer &#40;ISEL&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; el gefitinib en pacientes con CPNM avanzado no mejor&#243; la supervivencia frente a placebo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08&#41;&#44; aunque&#44; en el grupo de tratamiento&#44; esta fue significativamente m&#225;s larga en los nunca fumadores y en la poblaci&#243;n asi&#225;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un estudio prospectivo del Spanish Lung Cancer Group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; que incluy&#243; 2&#46;105 pacientes&#44; la mutaci&#243;n EGFR estaba presente en el 16&#44;6&#37;&#44; recibiendo 217 pacientes tratamiento con erlotinib&#44; que en 113 de ellos fue la primera l&#237;nea de tratamiento&#46; En estos pacientes el tiempo medio de supervivencia fue de 14 meses y la mediana de supervivencia global&#44; de 27 meses&#46; Este estudio de cohortes demostr&#243;&#44; que el cribado a gran escala de pacientes para mutaciones EGFR y el tratamiento con anti- EGFR era factible&#46; Los resultados de estos trabajos tambi&#233;n apoyan el concepto de que&#44; en un subgrupo de pacientes particular&#44; el tratamiento de primera l&#237;nea con f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR puede ser la opci&#243;n m&#225;s efectiva&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En otro estudio reciente&#44; el Iressa Pan-Asia Study &#40;IPASS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; se compar&#243; gefitinib en primera l&#237;nea versus carboplatino&#47;paclitaxel en 1&#46;217 pacientes con CPNM avanzado&#44; y los pacientes elegibles fueron no fumadores o ligeramente ex fumadores&#44; con histolog&#237;a de adenocarcinoma&#46; La frecuencia de mutaciones EGFR fue del 59&#44;7&#37;&#46; El an&#225;lisis demostr&#243; que los pacientes con mutaciones EGFR ten&#237;an un tiempo medio superior de supervivencia en la rama de gefitinib comparada con la rama de QT est&#225;ndar &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;48&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Esto argumenta a favor de que el test mutacional debe ser una pr&#225;ctica de obligada realizaci&#243;n al diagn&#243;stico del CPNM&#44; al menos para los pacientes con adenocarcinoma&#44; nunca fumadores o escasamente fumadores&#46; Esos pacientes deber&#237;an ser tratados con f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR si sus tumores expresan la mutaci&#243;n&#44; dado el beneficio demostrado&#46; De todas formas&#44; es importante observar que el estudio IPASS se realiz&#243; en Asia&#44; y que las mutaciones EGFR se dan con menor frecuencia en poblaciones caucasianas &#40;40 y 10&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se resumen los resultados de los principales estudios en fase III con erlotinib y gefitinib<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;28</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; un metaan&#225;lisis de 4 estudios en fase III que comparan gefitinib con QT est&#225;ndar concluye que no hay diferencias en la supervivencia media entre los 2 grupos&#44; pero en el grupo de pacientes tratados con gefitinib se observan menos efectos secundarios y una mejor calidad de vida que en los que reciben QT est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro medio&#44; la mutaci&#243;n del gen del EGFR se observa en aproximadamente el 15&#37; de los CPNM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46; Alrededor del 75&#37; de los casos con esta mutaci&#243;n responden al tratamiento con erlotinib&#47;gefitinib&#44; mientras que entre los no mutados solo responde el 10&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; casi todos los pacientes inicialmente respondedores acaban desarrollando progresi&#243;n de la enfermedad&#46; Las causas de esta resistencia adquirida a los f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR no son del todo conocidas&#44; pero parecen implicados diferentes mecanismos&#44; como mutaciones secundarias del EGFR o amplificaci&#243;n del oncog&#233;n MET<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inhibidores del VEGF</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El gen VEGF est&#225; localizado en el cromosoma 6p21&#46;3 y es un mediador clave en la angiog&#233;nesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; ya que es el m&#225;s potente factor angiog&#233;nico conocido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Un aumento de la expresi&#243;n VEGF en el tumor o en el suero se ha asociado con tumores en estadio avanzado&#44; y sus niveles son significativamente m&#225;s altos en el adenocarcinoma que en el carcinoma escamoso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; La familia VEGF est&#225; formada por distintas prote&#237;nas&#44; llamadas VEGF-A&#44; VEGF-B&#44; VEGF-C&#44; VEGF-D y PIGF <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;placental growth factor&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los efectos de los VEGF se incluyen&#58; aumento de la mitosis de las c&#233;lulas endoteliales&#44; control de la permeabilidad vascular y aumento de la supervivencia del endotelio vascular&#44; entre otros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Los VEGF realizan estas funciones mediante la uni&#243;n a sus receptores &#40;VEGFR&#41;&#44; que se encuentran en las c&#233;lulas endoteliales&#46; Hay 3 tipos de receptores&#58; VEGFR-1&#44; VEGFR-2 y VEGFR-3&#44; todos ellos con actividad TK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carrillo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> investigaron los VEGF y sus receptores en pacientes con CPNM y su correlaci&#243;n con el pron&#243;stico&#46; Los pacientes con moderada&#47;alta expresi&#243;n VEGF-C&#44; VEGFR-1 y VEGFR-2 ten&#237;an peor supervivencia&#44; mientras que en los pacientes con moderada&#47;alta expresi&#243;n de VEGF-D y VEGFR-3 la supervivencia era mejor&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariado&#44; el estadio y la expresi&#243;n VEGF-D y VEGFR-1 fueron factores significativos de pron&#243;stico independientes&#46; Por otra parte&#44; un metaan&#225;lisis de 20 estudios&#44; llevado a cabo por Delmotte et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#44; puso de manifiesto que la expresi&#243;n VEGF-A era un factor de pron&#243;stico desfavorable en pacientes con CPNM&#46; Los resultados de estos estudios sugieren que los perfiles de expresi&#243;n de los VEGF y de los VEGFR pueden tener valor pron&#243;stico en el CPNM y pueden ayudar a identificar pacientes que&#44; potencialmente&#44; puedan ser buenos respondedores a las terapias antiangiog&#233;nicas&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La importancia del VEGF hace que sea una diana atractiva para el desarrollo de nuevas terapias dirigidas&#46; El bevacizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado que act&#250;a mediante la uni&#243;n y neutralizaci&#243;n de todas las isoformas VEGF-A&#46; La eficacia y la seguridad del bevacizumab han sido evaluadas en 3 estudios en fase III<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;40&#44;41</span></a>&#44; cuyas caracter&#237;sticas generales pueden consultarse en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; En resumen&#44; se comprob&#243; que el tratamiento con bevacizumab aportaba un mayor tiempo medio de supervivencia y una tendencia al incremento de la misma&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se observ&#243; un aumento del riesgo de sangrado&#44; sobre todo en tumores localizados centralmente&#44; pr&#243;ximos a grandes vasos y con histolog&#237;a de carcinoma escamoso&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La inhibici&#243;n dual de EGFR y VEGF est&#225; en investigaci&#243;n en la actualidad&#46; Existen 2 estrategias&#58; la primera es combinar 2 agentes con v&#237;as espec&#237;ficas anti-diana como erlotinib y bevacizumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#44; y la otra es el uso de un agente con actividad dual como vandetanib&#44; una peque&#241;a mol&#233;cula con actividad contra VEGFR-2&#44; -3&#44; y anti-EGFR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Recientemente se han publicado los resultados de un ensayo cl&#237;nico que incluy&#243; 1&#46;240 pacientes con CPNM en estadios IIIB y IV que ya hab&#237;an recibido al menos una primera l&#237;nea de QT&#59; los pacientes fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos de tratamiento&#58; uno recibi&#243; vandetanib y el otro erlotinib&#44; y no se observaron diferencias de supervivencia entre los dos grupos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;83&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inhibidores del ALK</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un subgrupo de pacientes con CPNM&#44; sus tumores presentan una mutaci&#243;n gen&#233;tica que consiste en la ruptura en los genes EML4 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;echinoderm microtubule-associated proteine-like4&#41;</span> y ALK <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;anaplasic lympoma kinasa&#41;</span>&#44; y posteriormente la fusi&#243;n de los dos genes en direcci&#243;n opuesta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; El resultado final es el oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK&#44; el cual inhibe la apoptosis y favorece la proliferaci&#243;n tumoral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Este oncog&#233;n est&#225; presente en un porcentaje relativamente bajo de pacientes con CPNM &#40;alrededor del 5&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#8211;48</span></a>&#46; Se ha comprobado que es m&#225;s frecuente en pacientes j&#243;venes&#44; no fumadores&#44; o fumadores con un consumo acumulado de tabaco bajo&#44; y de la estirpe adenocarcinoma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; En este tipo de poblaci&#243;n&#44; la frecuencia del EML4-ALK puede llegar hasta el 13&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En agosto de 2011 se aprob&#243; la comercializaci&#243;n de un nuevo f&#225;rmaco para el tratamiento del CPNM en estadio avanzado&#44; el crizotinib&#44; que inhibe el EML4-ALK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46; Su eficacia se demostr&#243; en 2 estudios multic&#233;ntricos con la dosis de 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; 2 veces al d&#237;a por v&#237;a oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; En total&#44; en esos 2 estudios se incluyeron 255 pacientes cuyos tumores conten&#237;an el oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK&#44; el 95&#37; de ellos con enfermedad metast&#225;sica&#46; Se comprob&#243; que el tratamiento con crizotinib produc&#237;a una respuesta completa o parcial en el 55&#37; de los pacientes&#44; y la mediana de duraci&#243;n de la respuesta estuvo entre 42 y 48 semanas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento con este f&#225;rmaco fue bien tolerado&#44; y los efectos adversos m&#225;s frecuentes fueron alteraciones visuales&#44; molestias gastrointestinales y alteraciones en el perfil hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actualmente est&#225;n en marcha 2 estudios en fase III sobre el papel del crizotinib en el tratamiento del CPNM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; Sus caracter&#237;sticas pueden observarse en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Se ha descrito resistencia al tratamiento con crizotinib despu&#233;s de una buena respuesta inicial&#44; lo cual se ha relacionado con mutaciones dentro del dominio TK del ALK<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la actualidad se encuentran en investigaci&#243;n otras mol&#233;culas para el tratamiento del CP avanzado o recurrente&#46; Un ejemplo es la amrubicina&#44; un f&#225;rmaco que ejerce su efecto antitumoral mediante la inhibici&#243;n de la topoisomerasa II<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; Recientemente se ha publicado un estudio en fase I<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> en el que se administr&#243; este f&#225;rmaco a pacientes con CPNM y microc&#237;tico&#44; observ&#225;ndose un &#237;ndice de respuesta del 15&#44;4&#37;&#46; As&#237; que&#44; en los pr&#243;ximos a&#241;os&#44; seguiremos asistiendo al avance en el tratamiento m&#233;dico del CP en estadios no quir&#250;rgicos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR&#44; los inhibidores del VEGF y del EML4-ALK mejoran la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en ciertos grupos de pacientes con CPNM avanzado o recurrente&#44; con mejor tolerancia y calidad de vida&#44; y menos efectos secundarios que la QT convencional&#46; Por tanto&#44; el estudio molecular del tejido tumoral es necesario para optimizar el manejo del CP y conseguir futuras mejoras de su pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        4 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Inhibidores del EGFR"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Inhibidores del VEGF"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Inhibidores del ALK"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-06"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-03-07"
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          "palabras" => array:8 [
            0 => "C&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n"
            1 => "Receptor del factor de crecimiento epid&#233;rmico"
            2 => "Factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular"
            3 => "Cinasa del linfoma anapl&#225;sico"
            4 => "Erlotinib"
            5 => "Gefitinib"
            6 => "Bevacizumab"
            7 => "Crizotinib"
          ]
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      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec155916"
          "palabras" => array:8 [
            0 => "Lung cancer"
            1 => "Epidermal growth factor receptor"
            2 => "Vascular endothelial growth factor"
            3 => "Anaplastic lymphoma kinase"
            4 => "Erlotinib"
            5 => "Gefitinib"
            6 => "Bevacizumab"
            7 => "Crizotinib"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n &#40;CP&#41; es un grave problema sanitario debido a su elevada incidencia y mortalidad&#46; La cirug&#237;a es la m&#225;s eficaz de las estrategias terap&#233;uticas en este tipo de tumor&#44; pero en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se est&#225;n investigando nuevos f&#225;rmacos contra componentes diana espec&#237;ficos de las c&#233;lulas tumorales&#44; que mejoran la supervivencia en pacientes con enfermedad avanzada y recurrencias&#46; Presentamos una revisi&#243;n de los tratamientos individualizados en el CP&#44; en particular las terapias inhibidoras del receptor de crecimiento epid&#233;rmico &#40;EGFR&#41;&#44; del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular &#40;VEGF&#41; y de la cinasa del linfoma anapl&#225;sico &#40;ALK&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lung cancer &#40;LC&#41; is a serious health problem due to its high incidence and mortality&#46; Surgery is the most effective therapeutic strategy in this type of tumor&#44; but in recent years new drugs are being investigated that target specific components of the tumor cells&#44; improving survival in patients with advanced disease and relapse&#46; We present a review of individualized treatments in LC&#44; particularly therapies that inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor &#40;EGFR&#41;&#44; vascular endothelial growth factor &#40;VEGF&#41; and anaplastic lymphoma kinase &#40;ALK&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CPNM&#58; c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n no microc&#237;tico&#59; SLP&#58; supervivencia libre de progresi&#243;n&#59; HR&#58; hazard ratio&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n diana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objetivos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IPASS trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Adenocarcinoma estadio avanzado y fumadores de menos de 10 paq&#47;a&#241;oN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;217 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gefitinib vs&#46; carboplatino&#43; paclitaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mayor en el grupo de gefitinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;48&#41; en los pacientes con mutaci&#243;n positiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WJTOG3405<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IIIB&#47;IV o recurrencias despu&#233;s de cirug&#237;aN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>172 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gefitinib vs&#46; cisplatino&#43; docetaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mayor en el grupo de gefitinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">North-East Japan Study Group trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IV&#44; mutaci&#243;n EGFR positivaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>230 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gefitinib vs&#46; carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>paclitaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mayor en el grupo de gefitinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optimal trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IIIB&#47;IV&#44; mutaci&#243;n EGFR positivaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>165 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre erlotinib vs&#46; gemcitabina&#43; carboplatino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP mayor en el grupo de erlotinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EURTAC trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM estadio IIIB&#47;IV&#44; mutaci&#243;n EGFR positivaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>174 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre erlotinib vs&#46; quimioterapia con platino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP mayor en el grupo de erlotinib &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab263498.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principales estudios en fase III con f&#225;rmacos anti-EGFR</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CPNM&#58; c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n no microc&#237;tico&#59; SLP&#58; supervivencia libre de progression&#59; HR&#58; hazard ratio&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n diana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objetivos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E4599<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM &#40;no escamoso&#41; estadio IIIB o IV&#44; ECOG 0 o 1N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>878 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar paclitaxel<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino vs&#46; paclitaxel<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mejor &#237;ndice de respuesta&#44; supervivencia media en el grupo de bevacizumab &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;79&#41; y SLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AVAiL trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM &#40;no escamoso&#41; estadio IIIB o IV&#44; ECOG 0 o 1N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;043 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar SLP entre gemcitabine<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cisplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab a dosis bajas &#40;7&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; vs&#46; bevacizumab a dosis altas &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#41; vs&#46; placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLP fue mejor en los grupos de bevacizumab &#40;HR&#44; 0&#44;75 y 0&#44;82&#41;&#46;Mejor &#237;ndice de respuesta en los grupos de bevacizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PointBreak trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPNM &#40;no escamosos&#41; IIIB o IVN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>900 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar &#237;ndice de respuesta&#44; supervivencia media y SLP entre pemetrexed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab seguido de pemetrexed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab vs&#46; paclitaxel<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carboplatino<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bevacizumab seguido de bevacizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No publicados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab263500.png"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios en fase III con bevacizumab</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n diana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Objetivos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCT00932893<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK positivo&#44; CPNM estadio IV que hayan recibido un esquema de quimioterapia previo con platinoN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>318 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar crizotinib con pemetrexed o docetaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NCT01154140<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oncog&#233;n EML4-ALK positivo&#44; CPNM enfermedad avanzada o metast&#225;sicaN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>334 pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comparar crizotinib con pemetrexed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>platino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab263499.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios en fase III en marcha con crizotinib</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:54 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Supervivencia global a largo plazo en el c&#225;ncer de pulm&#243;n&#46; An&#225;lisis de una serie de 610 pacientes no seleccionados"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; S&#225;nchez de Cos"
                            1 => "C&#46; Disdier"
                            2 => "J&#46; Corral"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Riesco"
                            4 => "M&#46;A&#46; Sojo"
                            5 => "J&#46;F&#46; Masa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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Article information
ISSN: 03002896
Original language: Spanish
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2024 May 154 18 172
2024 April 81 19 100
2024 March 81 25 106
2024 February 41 27 68
2023 November 3 0 3
2023 June 20 2 22
2023 March 22 6 28
2023 February 149 30 179
2023 January 137 21 158
2022 December 107 24 131
2022 November 114 17 131
2022 October 149 34 183
2022 September 119 28 147
2022 August 141 37 178
2022 July 111 47 158
2022 June 125 40 165
2022 May 180 40 220
2022 April 127 29 156
2022 March 218 43 261
2022 February 148 22 170
2022 January 136 24 160
2021 December 100 39 139
2021 November 112 35 147
2021 October 121 46 167
2021 September 123 42 165
2021 August 129 39 168
2021 July 134 38 172
2021 June 166 33 199
2021 May 197 37 234
2021 April 354 62 416
2021 March 276 30 306
2021 February 223 36 259
2021 January 194 21 215
2020 December 217 25 242
2020 November 190 19 209
2020 October 169 23 192
2020 September 165 16 181
2020 August 191 16 207
2020 July 147 26 173
2020 June 196 10 206
2020 May 183 24 207
2020 April 208 26 234
2020 March 199 29 228
2020 February 238 23 261
2020 January 274 21 295
2019 December 288 31 319
2019 November 410 22 432
2019 October 316 25 341
2019 September 416 20 436
2019 August 340 10 350
2019 July 297 12 309
2019 June 267 19 286
2019 May 337 20 357
2019 April 143 26 169
2019 March 122 42 164
2019 February 84 26 110
2019 January 125 23 148
2018 December 169 23 192
2018 November 210 24 234
2018 October 311 74 385
2018 September 190 29 219
2018 August 2 0 2
2018 July 3 0 3
2018 June 1 0 1
2018 May 147 1 148
2018 April 125 11 136
2018 March 119 5 124
2018 February 117 10 127
2018 January 87 5 92
2017 December 133 9 142
2017 November 145 7 152
2017 October 109 8 117
2017 September 126 14 140
2017 August 110 12 122
2017 July 125 8 133
2017 June 146 16 162
2017 May 158 12 170
2017 April 162 12 174
2017 March 211 30 241
2017 February 324 13 337
2017 January 195 10 205
2016 December 230 9 239
2016 November 334 13 347
2016 October 306 16 322
2016 September 339 27 366
2016 August 302 10 312
2016 July 276 21 297
2016 June 277 26 303
2016 May 271 12 283
2016 April 277 1 278
2016 March 269 3 272
2016 February 231 3 234
2016 January 245 34 279
2015 December 282 17 299
2015 November 370 29 399
2015 October 303 7 310
2015 September 252 0 252
2015 August 188 0 188
2015 July 265 0 265
2015 June 197 0 197
2015 May 241 0 241
2015 April 210 0 210
2015 March 165 0 165
2015 February 187 0 187
2015 January 162 0 162
2014 December 139 0 139
2014 November 142 0 142
2014 October 162 0 162
2014 September 120 0 120
2014 August 157 0 157
2014 July 118 0 118
2014 June 137 0 137
2014 May 133 0 133
2014 April 114 0 114
2014 March 120 0 120
2014 February 122 0 122
2014 January 80 0 80
2013 December 81 0 81
2013 November 106 0 106
2013 October 111 0 111
2013 September 93 0 93
2013 August 98 0 98
2013 July 98 0 98
2013 June 53 0 53
2013 May 17 0 17
2013 April 96 0 96
2013 March 44 0 44
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