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Vol. 30. Issue 8.
Pages 385-389 (October 1994)
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Vol. 30. Issue 8.
Pages 385-389 (October 1994)
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Disminución del requerimiento del nivel de CPAP tras un tratamiento prolongado en pacientes con síndrome de apneas obstructivas durante el sueño
Decrease in CPAP level required after long-term treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
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C. Montón, J.M. Montserrat1, O. Parra
Servicio de Neumología y Alergia Respiratoria. Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona. Montreal. Canadá
J. Kimoff*, M. Cosío*
* Royal Victoria University. McGill University. Montreal. Canadá
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La aplicación durante el sueño de una presión positiva continua en la vía aérea superior (CPAP) es el tratamiento de elección del síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño (SAOS). Su mecanismo de acción consiste fundamentalmente en el mantenimiento de la permeabilidad de la vía aérea superior por un efecto de “entablillado neumático” sobre las paredes faríngeas. Sin embargo, se ha sugerido que el tratamiento prolongado con CPAP nasal puede además mejorar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos responsables del SAOS a través de diversas vías como la reducción del edema de la mucosa faríngea, la modificación de la dinámica muscular de la vía aérea superior o incluso una reducción en la intensidad de los fenómenos responsables del despertar transitorio y el final de las apneas. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si el tratamiento prolongado con CPAP nasal se asocia a una disminución de la presión de CPAP requerida para la desaparición de las apneas en pacientes con SAOS. Se analizaron 22 pacientes diagnosticados de SAOS mediante polisomnografía convencional (que incluía el estudio durante el sueño de variables neurológicas -electroencefalograma, movimientos oculares, electromiograma submentoniano-, respiratorias -flujo aéreo nasal, movimientos toracoabdominales, saturación de la oxihemoglobinay otras -electrocardiograma, movilidad de las piernas-) y tratados exclusivamente con CPAP nasal. Los 22 pacientes analizados (18 varones y 4 mujeres), de edad media 52,3±10 años, presentaban un índice de apnea/hipopnea medio de 65,2±24 por hora. Dichos pacientes fueron sometidos a una medición de los niveles de CPAP necesarios para la desaparición de las apneas, las desaturaciones de la oxihemoglobina y los ronquidos, en el momento del diagnóstico y tras un período prolongado de tratamiento (8,5±4,6 meses), y a todos ellos se les controló el peso en ambas mediciones. De los 22 pacientes analizados, 18 (17 varones, una mujer, edad media 53,1±11,4 años e índice de apnea/ hipopnea de 64,8±23,4 por hora) no variaron de peso corporal a lo largo del tratamiento. En este grupo de pacientes, la presión de CPAP requerida inicialmente para la desaparición de las apneas fue de 10,5±2,3cm de H20 y de 8,8±2,1cm de H2O tras el período de tratamiento con CPAP (p < 0,05). Los requerimientos de CPAP fueron mayores en los dos sujetos que aumentaron de peso corporales y menores o iguales en los dos sujetos que habían perdido peso. La variación en la presión de CPAP no se correlacionó con el índice de apnea/hipopnea, el peso corporal, la presión inicial de CPAP ni la duración del tratamiento. En consecuencia, este estudio demuestra que la presión mínima de CPAP requerida para la desaparición de las apneas disminuye tras un tratamiento prolongado. Por tanto, es recomendable impulsar a los pacientes al cumplimiento del tratamiento y repetir la medición de los niveles de CPAP después de varios meses de tratamiento para asegurar el empleo de la mínima presión de CPAP requerida para la abolición de las apneas obstructivas durante el sueño.

Application of continuous positive upper airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). CPAP keeps the upper airway open by providing a “pneumatic solint” on the pharyngeal walls. However, it has been suggested that prolonged nasal CPAP treatment may also improve the physiopathological mechanisms responsible for OSAS by a variety of mechanisms such as the reduction of edema of the pharyngeal mucosa, modification of upper airway muscle dynamics; there may even be a reduction in the intensity of phenomena responsible for brief awakening and ending of apneic episodes. The objective of this study was to determine whether prolonged nasal CPAP is associated to a reduction of CPAP pressure required for eliminating apnea in patients with OSAS. We studied 22 patients (4 women) with OSAS diagnosed by conventional polysomnography, including study of neurological variables during sleep (electroencephalogram, ocular movement, submentonal electromyogram), respiratory variables (nasal air flow, thoracicabdominal movement, 02 saturation in the blood), and others (electrocardiogram, leg movement). Treatment was exclusively with nasal CPAP. AU 22 patients were middle-aged (52.3±10 years), presented a mean apnea/hypoapnea index of 65.2±24 per hour. CPAP levels needed to eliminate episodes of apnea, blood O2 desaturation and snoring at the time of diagnosis and after long-term treatment (8.5±4.6 months) were applied. Weight was recorder at both measurement times. Eighteen of the 22 patients (1 woman, mean age 53.1±11.4 years and apnea/hypopnea Índex 64.8±23.4 per hour) experienced no weight change during treatment. In this group the CPAP level required initially for elimination of apnei< episodes was 10.5±2.3cm H20 and 8.8±2.1cm H20 aftei a period of treatment with CPAP (p < 0.05). Higher CP AI levels were required by the two patients who gained weight lower or equal levels were required for the two patients whc had lost weight. The variation in CPAP level required did no correlate with the apnea/hypopnea índex, body weight, initia CPAP level or duration of treatment. This study, therefore shows that the mínimum CPAP level required for eliminatin; episodes of apnea decreases after prolonged treatment. Pa tients should thus be encouraged to comply with treatmen and measurement of CPAP levels should be repeated aftei several months of treatment in order to assure that CPAP is at the mínimum level needed for eliminating obstructive apnet during sleep.

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Copyright © 1994. Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica
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